焦耳-汤姆逊效应

首款商业化成功的可充电电池。它采用铅 (Pb) 阳极、二氧化铅 (PbO₂) 阴极和硫酸 (H₂SO₄) 电解质。放电过程中，两个电极均转化为硫酸铅 (PbSO₄)，并消耗硫酸。该过程可通过施加外部电流实现化学可逆，使其成为一种实用且可靠的储能系统。

One of the four Maxwell's equations, Gauss's law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux out of any closed surface is zero. This is expressed mathematically as [latex]\oint_S \vec{B} \cdot d\vec{A} = 0[/latex]. This law is a statement of the experimental observation that magnetic monopoles (isolated north or south poles) have never been detected. Magnetic field lines always form closed loops.

The Clausius-Clapeyron relation describes the relationship between pressure and temperature for a substance at a phase transition, such as liquid and vapor. For water vapor, it shows that saturation vapor pressure increases exponentially with temperature. The approximate form is [latex]\frac{dp}{dT} = \frac{L}{T(V_v - V_l)} \approx \frac{L p}{R_v T^2}[/latex], where L is latent heat.

涡流是根据法拉第定律，由变化的磁场在块体导体内感应出的电流环。它们在垂直于磁场的平面内以闭合环路流动。根据楞次定律，这些电流会产生自身的磁场，抵抗外部磁通量的变化，从而产生排斥力或阻力以及电阻加热。

铅酸电池是第一种可充电电池，由加斯顿·普兰特于1859年发明。它使用浸入硫酸（H₂SO₄）电解液中的铅（Pb）阳极和二氧化铅（PbO₂）阴极来工作。放电时，两个电极都会转化为硫酸铅（PbSO₄），充电时则发生逆转，从而实现能量的储存和重复利用。

This is the differential form of Faraday's law of induction, one of Maxwell's four equations. It states that a time-varying magnetic field ([latex]\mathbf{B}[/latex]) always accompanies a spatially varying, non-conservative electric field ([latex]\mathbf{E}[/latex]). The relationship is expressed as [latex]\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}[/latex]. This equation governs how changing magnetic fields create electric fields at a specific point in space.

麦克斯韦方程组是一组由四个耦合偏微分方程组成的方程组，构成了经典电磁学的基础。它们描述了电场和磁场如何相互产生，以及它们如何被电荷和电流改变。它们是高斯​​定律、高斯磁定律、法拉第电磁感应定律和安培-麦克斯韦定律。