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理想气体定律（摩尔形式）

1850

Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron

（图片仅供参考）

The ideal gas law is the equation of state for a hypothetical ideal gas, approximating the behavior of many gases under various conditions. The molar form relates 压力 ([latex]P[/latex]), volume ([latex]V[/latex]), amount of substance in moles ([latex]n[/latex]), and absolute temperature ([latex]T[/latex]) via the universal gas constant ([latex]R[/latex]): [latex]PV = nRT[/latex].

理想气体定律，表示为PV = nRT，是热力学和物理化学的基石。它最初由贝努瓦·保罗·埃米尔·克拉佩龙于1834年提出，是波义耳定律、查理定律和……的经验公式的结合。盖-吕萨克，和 Avogadro. This equation of state provides a remarkably accurate approximation for the behavior of many gases under conditions of moderate temperature and low pressure. In the equation, [latex]P[/latex] represents the absolute pressure, [latex]V[/latex] is the volume, [latex]n[/latex] is the number of moles of the gas, and [latex]T[/latex] is the absolute temperature in Kelvin.

The constant of proportionality, [latex]R[/latex], is known as the universal gas constant. Its value is the same for all gases and is approximately 8.314 J/(mol·K). The law’s power lies in its ability to relate the four macroscopic state variables of a gas in a single, simple formula. This allows for the calculation of any one variable if the other three are known. The “ideal” nature of the gas described by this law stems from two key assumptions: the gas particles themselves have negligible volume, and there are no intermolecular attractive or repulsive forces between them. While no real gas is truly ideal, many common gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and argon behave nearly ideally under standard conditions, making the law extremely useful for practical applications.

化学, 环境工程, Gas, 机械工业, 过程, 产品开发, 质量管理, 可再生能源, 热力学

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2210

– Thermodynamics

类型

抽象系统

中断

Foundational

用法

广泛使用

前体

Boyle’s Law (1662)
Charles’s Law (1787)
Gay-Lussac’s Law (1802)
Avogadro’s Law (1811)
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
绝对温度（开尔文）的概念

应用程序

化学工程工艺设计
气象学和天气预报
计算气体密度和摩尔质量
热力学 cycle analysis (e.g., carnot cycle)
水肺潜水气体混合物计算

专利：

潜在创新理念

自校准工业气体传感器，利用与理想行为的偏差来识别污染物
智能食品包装可根据腐败气体引起的内部压力变化而改变颜色
基于局部气体定律计算的增强大气层模拟的人工智能驱动气候模型
用于无人机的微型高效发动机，可根据实时 p、v、t 读数优化燃料-空气混合物
先进的医疗呼吸机，通过动态模拟肺容量来精确控制气体输送
通过分析压力波动来估算地下气藏规模的地质勘探工具
下一代灭火系统，根据房间体积和温度计算释放惰性气体的最佳量
用于在极端条件下安全演示气体特性的教育虚拟现实实验室
cryogenic storage systems that predict and prevent pressure build-up in liquefied gas containers
inflatable habitat modules for space exploration with automated pressure regulation based on temperature and solar radiation

Related to: ideal gas, equation of state, pressure, volume, temperature, mole, gas constant, thermodynamics, clapeyron, physical chemistry.

历史背景

Laboratory setup for measuring viscosity of fluids at varying temperatures in thermodynamics.

粘度的温度依赖性

对于牛顿流体，粘度是温度和压力的函数，而非剪切速率的函数。在液体中，粘度会随着温度升高而显著降低，因为更高的热能使分子更容易克服分子间的内聚力。相反，在气体中，粘度会随着温度升高而增加，因为分子碰撞频率越高，速度越高，动量传递也越大。

Laboratory experiment demonstrating the First Law of Thermodynamics with a heat engine setup.

热力学第一定律

The First Law is a statement of the conservation of energy. It posits that the change in a closed system's internal energy ([latex]\Delta U[/latex]) is equal to the heat supplied to the system ([latex]Q[/latex]) minus the work done by the system on its surroundings ([latex]W[/latex]). The governing equation is [latex]\Delta U = Q - W[/latex]. This law links heat, work, and internal energy, establishing heat as a form of energy transfer.

Chemist conducting experiments with catalysts in a vintage laboratory setting, 1850.

化学平衡催化剂

催化剂通过提供活化能较低的替代反应途径，平等地提高正向和逆向反应的速率。虽然催化剂可以使体系更快地达到平衡，但它不会改变平衡本身的位置。反应物和产物的平衡浓度以及平衡常数K的值保持不变。

理想气体定律（摩尔形式）

Laboratory apparatus for measuring vapor pressure and temperature in thermodynamics.

克劳修斯-克拉珀龙关系

The Clausius-Clapeyron relation describes the relationship between pressure and temperature for a substance at a phase transition, such as liquid and vapor. For water vapor, it shows that saturation vapor pressure increases exponentially with temperature. The approximate form is [latex]\frac{dp}{dT} = \frac{L}{T(V_v - V_l)} \approx \frac{L p}{R_v T^2}[/latex], where L is latent heat.

Eddy current brake system in an industrial setting demonstrating electromagnetism applications.

Eddy Currents (Foucault’s Currents)

涡流是根据法拉第定律，由变化的磁场在块体导体内感应出的电流环。它们在垂直于磁场的平面内以闭合环路流动。根据楞次定律，这些电流会产生自身的磁场，抵抗外部磁通量的变化，从而产生排斥力或阻力以及电阻加热。

Thermodynamic laboratory with Peltier and Seebeck apparatus illustrating Kelvin relations.

开尔文（汤姆森）关系公司

The Kelvin relations are two equations that thermodynamically link the three thermoelectric coefficients: the first relation connects the Peltier coefficient ([latex]\Pi[/latex]) to the Seebeck coefficient ([latex]S[/latex]) via absolute temperature ([latex]T[/latex]): [latex]Pi = S \cdot T[/latex]. The second relates the Thomson coefficient ([latex]\mathcal{K}[/latex]) to the temperature derivative of the Seebeck coefficient: [latex]\mathcal{K} = T \frac{dS}{dT}[/latex].

1850

1851

1854

1850

1851

1852

1859

Researcher testing viscoelastic properties of synthetic polymer in a laboratory.

粘弹性

粘弹性是指材料在变形时同时表现出粘性和弹性的特性。粘性材料（例如蜂蜜）在施加应力时，能够抵抗剪切流，并且应变随时间呈线性变化。弹性材料（例如橡皮筋）在拉伸时会变形，一旦应力消除就会迅速恢复到原始状态。粘弹性材料兼具这两种特性。

Scientist measuring sublimation in a vintage laboratory, thermodynamics study.

升华焓

The enthalpy of sublimation, [latex]\Delta H_{\text{sub}}[/latex], is the heat required to convert one mole of a substance from solid to gas at a given temperature and pressure. According to Hess's Law, since enthalpy is a state function, this energy change is the sum of the enthalpy of fusion ([latex]\Delta H_{\text{fus}}[/latex]) and the enthalpy of vaporization ([latex]\Delta H_{\text{vap}}[/latex]).