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第二種超伝導体

1957
  • Alexei Abrikosov
実験室でII型超電導体を実証する超電導マグネットのセットアップ。.

(画像はイメージです)

1957年にアレクセイ・アブリコソフによって理論的に予測された Ginzburg-Landau theory, Type II superconductors are characterized by two critical magnetic fields, [latex]H_{c1}[/latex] and [latex]H_{c2}[/latex]. Between these fields, they enter a mixed or “vortex” state, allowing partial magnetic field penetration through quantized flux tubes called Abrikosov vortices. This allows them to remain superconducting in much higher magnetic fields than Type I superconductors.

The existence of Type II superconductors is crucial for most high-field applications of superconductivity. A Type I superconductor completely expels magnetic fields up to a critical field [latex]H_c[/latex], above which it abruptly transitions to the normal state. This [latex]H_c[/latex] is generally too low for building powerful magnets. Abrikosov showed that for materials where the ギンズブルグ=ランドー parameter [latex]\kappa > 1/\sqrt{2}[/latex], it is energetically favorable for the material to allow magnetic flux to penetrate in a quantized manner rather than becoming fully normal. This penetration occurs above a lower critical field [latex]H_{c1}[/latex]. The flux enters in the form of cylindrical filaments called vortices or fluxons. Within the core of each vortex, the material is in the normal state, but the surrounding bulk remains superconducting. Each vortex carries a single quantum of magnetic flux, [latex]\Phi_0 = h/2e[/latex]. As the external field increases, more vortices enter the material, forming a regular triangular lattice known as an Abrikosov vortex lattice. The material remains superconducting, with zero resistance, until an upper critical field [latex]H_{c2}[/latex] is reached, at which point the vortex cores overlap and the entire material becomes normal. Since [latex]H_{c2}[/latex] can be hundreds of times larger than [latex]H_{c1}[/latex], Type II materials are essential for generating strong magnetic fields. All high-temperature superconductors and many alloys like Niobium-titanium (NbTi) and Niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) are Type II.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2211
固体物理学

タイプ

材料分類

混乱

実質的な

使用法

広く普及している

前駆物質

アプリケーション

特許:

NA

潜在的なイノベーションのアイデア

  • desktop nmr spectrometers for chemical analysis
  • magnetic shielding for deep space habitats
  • vortex-based data storage with high density
  • superconducting transformers for a more efficient power grid
  • magnetic drug delivery systems guided by external superconducting magnets
  • compact particle therapy systems for cancer treatment
  • electromagnetic aircraft launch systems for aircraft carriers
  • vortex manipulation for quantum computing qubits
  • high-gradient magnetic separation for water purification
  • frictionless flywheels for grid-scale energy storage
Related to: Type II superconductor, Abrikosov vortex, mixed state, critical magnetic field, flux quantization, Ginzburg-Landau theory, flux pinning, high-field magnets, NbTi, YBCO.

歴史的背景

第二種超伝導体

1950
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1957
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1959-11
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1957
1958
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1960

(日付が不明または関連性がない場合、例えば「流体力学」などでは、その注目すべき出現時期の概算値が提示されます。)

10年目 周年

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