Product Design, Manufacturing & Innovation Resources
家 » ギンズブルグ=ランダウ理論

ギンズブルグ=ランダウ理論

1950
  • Vitaly Ginzburg
  • Lev Landau
Laboratory experiment on superconductors illustrating Ginzburg-Landau Theory applications.

(画像はイメージです)

Developed in 1950 by Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, this is a phenomenological theory that describes superconductivity near the phase transition. It introduces a complex order parameter, [latex]\Psi[/latex], to represent the density of superconducting electrons. The theory successfully describes effects like the Meissner effect and predicts the distinction between Type I and Type II superconductors based on a single parameter, [latex]\kappa[/latex].

The Ginzburg-Landau theory is a macroscopic theory, meaning it does not explain the microscopic origin of superconductivity (which was later done by BCS theory), but it brilliantly describes the behavior of superconductors. It is based on Landau’s general theory of second-order phase transitions. The central idea is to write the free energy of the system as an expansion in powers of the order parameter [latex]\Psi[/latex] and its gradient. The order parameter is zero in the normal state and non-zero in the superconducting state. The free energy density is given by [latex]f = f_n + \alpha|\Psi|^2 + \frac{\beta}{2}|\Psi|^4 + \frac{1}{2m^*}|(-i\hbar\nabla – e^*\mathbf{A})\Psi|^2 + \frac{|\mathbf{B}|^2}{2\mu_0}[/latex], where [latex]\alpha[/latex] and [latex]\beta[/latex] are phenomenological parameters, [latex]\mathbf{A}[/latex] is the magnetic vector potential, and [latex]e^*[/latex] and [latex]m^*[/latex] are the effective charge and mass of the superconducting charge carriers. Minimizing this free energy yields the Ginzburg-Landau equations, which describe the spatial variation of [latex]\Psi[/latex] and the supercurrents. The theory defines two characteristic length scales: the coherence length [latex]\xi[/latex], over which [latex]\Psi[/latex] can vary significantly, and the London penetration depth [latex]\lambda[/latex]. Their ratio, the Ginzburg-Landau parameter [latex]\kappa = \lambda/\xi[/latex], determines the type of superconductor. If [latex]\kappa 1/\sqrt{2}[/latex], it’s Type II. This prediction of a second type of superconductor, which allows partial magnetic field penetration in a vortex lattice, was a major success of the theory, confirmed experimentally by Abrikosov in 1957.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2211
固体物理学

タイプ

理論モデル

混乱

実質的な

使用法

広く普及している

前駆物質

  • ランダウの二次相転移理論
  • ロンドン方程式
  • 発見 Meissner effect
  • 熱力学と統計力学

アプリケーション

  • 超伝導体の分類(I型とII型)
  • 臨界磁場と臨界電流の計算
  • modeling of vortices in type ii superconductors
  • theoretical framework for phase transitions in other fields (e.g., 素粒子物理学, cosmology)

特許:

NA

潜在的なイノベーションのアイデア

  • computational design of superconducting materials with high critical fields
  • modeling of domain walls in ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials
  • simulating the formation of cosmic strings in the early universe
  • developing theories for topological quantum computation
  • predicting behavior of bose-einstein condensates
  • designing superconducting devices with specific geometries for flux pinning
  • modeling biological pattern formation
  • analyzing instabilities in fluid dynamics
  • creating advanced algorithms for phase-field modeling in materials science
  • understanding the higgs mechanism in particle physics (a relativistic analogue)
Related to: Ginzburg-Landau theory, order parameter, phase transition, Type I superconductor, Type II superconductor, coherence length, penetration depth, Abrikosov vortex, phenomenological theory, free energy.

歴史的背景

ギンズブルグ=ランダウ理論

1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1957
1957
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1957
1958

(日付が不明または関連性がない場合、例えば「流体力学」などでは、その注目すべき出現時期の概算値が提示されます。)

10年目 周年

フルサイズの画像とダウンロードは、登録会員のみが100%無料で利用できます。