阿伏伽德罗常数
这 阿伏伽德罗 constant, [latex]N_A[/latex], represents the number of constituent particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in one mole of a substance. It is a fundamental physical constant with an exact, defined value of [latex]6.02214076 \times 10^{23} text{ mol}^{-1}[/latex]. This constant provides the essential link between the macroscopic scale of moles and the microscopic world of individual particles, underpinning quantitative chemistry.
While Amedeo 阿伏伽德罗 proposed the principle that led to the mole concept, he never determined the value of the constant that bears his name. The first scientist to estimate the number of particles in a given volume of gas was Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1865, based on the kinetic theory of gases. For this reason, the constant is sometimes referred to as the Loschmidt constant in German-speaking countries, although that term now typically refers to the number of particles per unit volume.
The name ‘Avogadro’s number’ or ‘Avogadro constant’ was coined by French physicist Jean Perrin in 1909. Perrin’s experiments on Brownian motion—the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid—provided a more accurate determination of its value and earned him the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics. For over a century, the value was refined through various experimental methods. However, on May 20, 2019, as part of the redefinition of SI base units, the Avogadro constant was assigned a fixed, exact numerical value. This act fundamentally changed the definition of the mole, which is now defined as containing exactly [latex]6.02214076 times 10^{23}[/latex] elementary entities, rather than being based on the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209
- 物理化学
前体
- 阿伏伽德罗定律(1811年)
- 气体动力学理论
- johann josef loschmidt’s work on estimating molecular size (1865)
- albert einstein’s theoretical work on brownian motion (1905)
应用程序
- 计算单个原子或分子的质量
- 确定给定质量的物质中的粒子数
- 物理化学和固体物理学的基础计算
- 质谱校准
- 辐射物理学中的剂量测定
潜在创新理念
- 用于超灵敏医疗诊断的单分子传感器
- 用于制造埃级精度半导体的原子层沉积(ald)技术
- 模拟分子相互作用的量子计算算法
- 纳米机器人旨在将药物输送到特定数量的细胞
- 合成生物学 creating artificial cells with a precise count of functional proteins
- 超纯硅球用于创建新的质量标准
- 先进材料的特性由其精确的原子结构决定
- 计算早期宇宙元素丰度的宇宙学模型
- DNA数据存储系统根据碱基对的数量对信息进行编码
- highly efficient 催化剂 designed by calculating the optimal number of active sites
Related to: Avogadro constant, Avogadro’s number, mole, NA, jean perrin, si units, fundamental constant, physical chemistry, loschmidt constant, particle count.