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铁磁性和磁畴

1907
  • Pierre-Ernest Weiss
固体物理实验室的铁磁材料分析。.

(图片仅供参考)

Ferromagnetism is the mechanism by which certain materials, like iron, form permanent magnets. It arises from a quantum mechanical exchange interaction that causes atomic magnetic moments to align spontaneously in regions called magnetic domains. Below the Curie temperature, these domains can be aligned by an external magnetic field, creating a strong, persistent 磁铁 即使移除外部字段后也是如此。

皮埃尔·韦斯于1907年提出了磁畴的概念,用以解释铁磁材料的特性。他提出的理论是,在铁磁材料内部,存在一些小区域,现在被称为韦斯畴,这些区域中的原子磁矩都沿同一方向排列,从而产生很强的局部磁化。在未磁化的铁磁材料中,这些畴的方向是随机的,因此它们的磁场相互抵消,整个材料没有净磁场。

When an external magnetic field is applied, two processes can occur: the domains that are already aligned with the field can grow at the expense of their neighbors (domain wall motion), and the magnetic moments within other domains can rotate to align with the external field. When the external field is strong enough, nearly all domains become aligned, and the material is said to be saturated. For hard magnetic materials, this alignment can persist even after the external field is removed, creating a permanent 磁铁. This persistence is called remanence. The strength of the reverse field needed to demagnetize the material is called its coercivity.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2211
- 固体物理学

类型

物理特性

中断

基础

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • 发现天然磁性磁石
  • 理解原子磁矩
  • 量子力学的发展
  • 磁滞观察

应用程序

  • 电机和扬声器中的永磁体
  • 磁性数据存储(硬盘、磁带)
  • 变压器和电感器
  • 磁屏蔽
  • 传感器

专利:

NA

潜在创新理念

  • 畴壁内存(赛道内存)
  • 具有可调畴的可编程磁性材料
  • 高效磁制冷系统
  • 利用磁畴重排的自修复材料
  • 超低功耗自旋电子逻辑器件
  • 用于安全文件和货币的磁性墨水
  • 基于畴壁运动的生物医学传感器
  • 用于软机器人的先进磁力执行器
  • 具有工程畴结构的高频电感器
  • 磁场可视化影片
Related to: ferromagnetism, magnetic domain, Weiss domain, exchange interaction, Curie temperature, permanent magnet, hysteresis, remanence, coercivity, solid-state physics.

历史背景

铁磁性和磁畴

1900-12-14
1902
1904
1907
1909
1910
1912
1900
1902
1902
1907
1909
1910
1911-04-08
1913

(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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