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ペルティエ効果

1834
  • Jean Charles Athanase Peltier
Thermoelectric cooler demonstrating Peltier effect in a vintage laboratory setting.

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ペルティエ効果とは、2種類の異なる導体の接合部で発生する加熱または冷却現象のことです。2種類の異なる材料の接合部に直流電流が流れると、電流の方向に応じて、接合部で熱が放出または吸収されます。熱伝達速度は電流に比例します([latex]Q = Pi cdot I[/latex])。

The Peltier effect is the 熱力学 reverse of the ゼーベック効果. It occurs when an external current is forced through a junction of two thermoelectric materials, such as an n-type and a p-type semiconductor. The current forces charge carriers (electrons in the n-type, holes in the p-type) to cross the junction. To do so, the carriers must either gain or lose energy to match the energy levels of the next material.

If the carriers move to a higher average energy state in the second material, they must absorb energy from their surroundings, causing the junction to cool down. Conversely, if they move to a lower energy state, they release excess energy as heat, warming the junction. The amount of heat absorbed or released is quantified by the Peltier coefficient ([latex]Pi[/latex]). A typical Peltier device consists of many such p-n junctions connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel, creating a cold side and a hot side. Heat is pumped from the cold side to the hot side, from which it must be dissipated, making Peltier devices solid-state heat pumps.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2211
固体物理学

タイプ

物理的影響

混乱

実質的な

使用法

広く普及している

前駆物質

  • 発見 seebeck effect (1821)
  • understanding of electrical circuits and junctions
  • advances in materials science to create dissimilar conductors

アプリケーション

  • thermoelectric coolers (tecs) or Peltier coolers
  • portable refrigerators and car coolers
  • precision temperature control for scientific instruments and lasers
  • thermal cyclers for dna amplification (pcr)
  • spot cooling of electronic components like cpus

特許:

NA

潜在的なイノベーションのアイデア

  • silent, vibration-free air conditioning systems for buildings
  • localized cooling systems embedded directly into cpu dies
  • temperature-controlled shipping containers for sensitive medical supplies
  • rapid heating/cooling devices for food preparation
  • ウェアラブル personal climate control systems (heated/cooled jackets)
  • solid-state dehumidifiers
  • on-demand cooling for beverage dispensers
  • thermal management for high-power batteries in electric vehicles
  • active cooling for high-resolution digital camera sensors
  • miniature cryocoolers for scientific detectors
Related to: Peltier effect, thermoelectric cooling, Peltier cooler, solid-state refrigeration, TEC, heat ポンプ, Joule heating, Peltier coefficient, semiconductor junction, thermal management.

歴史的背景

ペルティエ効果

1831
1831
1833
1834
1836
1839-01-01
1842
1831
1831
1832
1834
1835
1838
1841
1845

(日付が不明または関連性がない場合、例えば「流体力学」などでは、その注目すべき出現時期の概算値が提示されます。)

10年目 周年

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