The Tipping Point Model for Idea Diffusion

The functional unit is a critical concept in LCA that defines the quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit. It ensures that comparisons between different systems are made on a fair and equivalent basis. For example, when comparing paint, the functional unit might be 'to protect 1 square meter of wall for 10 years'.

This fire class, known as Class K in the US and Class F in Europe and Australia, involves combustible cooking media like vegetable oils, animal fats, and grease. These fires burn at very high temperatures, and applying water is extremely dangerous as it can cause a steam explosion (boilover) that spreads the burning grease. Specialized wet chemical extinguishers are the primary extinguishing method.

ISO 14644-1 classifies cleanroom air cleanliness by the maximum allowable concentration of airborne particles. The classification, from ISO 1 to ISO 9, is determined by the formula \(C_N = 10^N \times (\frac{0.1}{D})^{2.08}\), where \(C_N\) is the max concentration of particles/m³, N is the ISO class number, and D is the particle size in µm.

Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) is a methodology applied to the design or redesign of products and processes, contrasting with DMAIC which improves existing ones. It aims to ensure the new design meets customer requirements and achieves Six Sigma quality levels from the outset. A common DFSS methodology is DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify).

A launch strategy where multiple small satellites are flown as secondary payloads on a rocket whose primary mission is to launch a larger, main satellite. This 'piggybacking' approach significantly reduces the cost for small satellite operators, as they only pay for a fraction of the total launch vehicle capacity, making space access more affordable and frequent for smaller players.

Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C) is a design philosophy that models human industry on nature's processes. It views materials as "nutrients" circulating in closed-loop systems. The framework distinguishes between two cycles: the biological cycle, for biodegradable materials that can safely return to the soil, and the technical cycle, for materials that are continuously reused or upcycled in industrial processes without losing quality.

Viral marketing describes any marketing strategy that encourages individuals to pass on a marketing message to others, creating the potential for exponential growth in the message's exposure and influence. Like viruses, such strategies take advantage of rapid multiplication to explode the message from person to person. It is a form of amplified word-of-mouth, often facilitated by the internet.

A Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor (CNTFET) utilizes a single carbon nanotube (CNT) or an array of CNTs as the channel material instead of bulk silicon. Depending on its chirality (the arrangement of its graphene lattice), a CNT can be either metallic or semiconducting, making it a versatile building block for nanoelectronic devices with superior performance potential.

A specification for a class of nanosatellites using a standard unit size of 10x10x10 cm, known as 1U, with a mass up to 2 kg. CubeSats can be scaled to 1.5U, 2U, 3U, 6U, or 12U+ sizes. This standardization dramatically lowered the barrier to entry for space missions by enabling shared launch dispensers and a market for off-the-shelf components.

The Peer-to-Peer (P2P) platform model is a technological and business framework that directly connects individuals to transact with each other, bypassing traditional intermediaries. In the sharing economy, these platforms facilitate the exchange of goods, services, or capital. They typically provide the underlying infrastructure, including search functionalities, payment processing systems, and crucial reputation and trust-building mechanisms.

A fundamental distinction in word-of-mouth marketing (WOMM) is between "organic" and "amplified" WOM. Organic WOM occurs naturally when customers become advocates simply because they are happy with a product and have a natural desire to share their support. Amplified WOM occurs when marketers launch campaigns designed to encourage or accelerate WOM, such as through influencer outreach or referral programs.

A negative emissions technology that combines bioenergy production with carbon capture and storage. Biomass, which absorbs atmospheric CO2 as it grows, is combusted or processed to generate energy (electricity, heat, or biofuels). The resulting CO2 emissions from this process are then captured and permanently stored, typically in geological formations, resulting in a net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere.

The T-Plan fast-start method is a workshop-based approach for rapidly creating a first-pass technology roadmap. Developed at the University of Cambridge, it brings together technical and commercial managers in a structured process. The workshop focuses on four key perspectives, represented by layers: market/business drivers, product/service systems, technology solutions, and underlying resources, all mapped against a timeline.

The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a widely used market research metric that measures customer loyalty and their willingness to engage in word-of-mouth marketing. It is based on a single survey question: "How likely is it that you would recommend our company/product/service to a friend or colleague?" The score is calculated as the percentage of "Promoters" minus the percentage of "Detractors."