» 光合作用

光合作用

1800
Greenhouse showcasing plants undergoing photosynthesis in a vintage setting.

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy. Sunlight provides the energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a sugar for energy storage) and oxygen as a byproduct. The overall simplified chemical equation is [latex]6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{Light Energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2[/latex].

The process of photosynthesis occurs in two main stages within the chloroplasts of plant cells. The first stage, the light-dependent reactions, takes place in the thylakoid membranes. Here, pigments like chlorophyll absorb photons from sunlight. This energy is used to split water molecules in a process called photolysis, which releases oxygen, protons, and electrons. The energy captured from light is converted into two short-term energy-storing molecules: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). The second stage, known as the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions, occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. This cycle does not directly require light but uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the first stage. In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is ‘fixed’ into organic molecules and converted into glucose, a high-energy sugar that the plant can use for growth, metabolism, or storage as starch. This entire process is the foundation of nearly all life on Earth, providing the energy for most ecosystems and producing the oxygen in our atmosphere.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2417
– Plant Physiology

类型

Biological Process

中断

革命

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

  • Stephen Hales’s proposal that plants are nourished by the atmosphere
  • Joseph Priestley’s discovery that plants can ‘restore’ air ‘injured’ by a burning candle
  • Antoine Lavoisier’s work on oxygen and combustion
  • 用于观察叶绿体等植物细胞结构的显微镜的发展

应用

  • 农业和园艺
  • 生物燃料生产(例如,来自藻类)
  • carbon sequestration and 气候变化 mitigation
  • life support systems in 太空探索
  • 植物衍生化合物的药物开发
  • 了解全球碳和氧循环

专利:

NA

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Related to: photosynthesis, chlorophyll, light energy, chemical energy, carbon dioxide, oxygen, glucose, plants, algae, Calvin cycle.

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