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镍镉电池(NiCd)

1899
  • Waldemar Jungner
镍镉电池展示了其电化学性能和在电子产品中的应用。

(图片仅供参考)

Invented by Waldemar Jungner in 1899, the NiCd battery uses nickel oxide hydroxide (NiO(OH)) as the positive electrode and metallic cadmium (Cd) as the negative electrode, with an alkaline electrolyte like potassium hydroxide (KOH). It is known for its long cycle life and good performance at low temperatures, but suffers from the 记忆效应 以及镉的毒性。.

镍镉电池是镍氢电池的重要进步。 lead-acid battery, offering a higher energy density and a much longer cycle life in a sealed, maintenance-free package. Waldemar Jungner’s invention provided a robust and reliable power source that became dominant in portable applications for much of the 20th century. The core chemical reaction during discharge is [latex]2 NiO(OH) + Cd + 2 H_2O rightarrow 2 Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2[/latex].

The use of an alkaline electrolyte, typically potassium hydroxide, was a key difference from the acidic electrolyte of 铅酸 cells. This chemistry allowed for a very flat discharge voltage curve, meaning the battery delivered a nearly constant voltage until it was almost fully depleted. However, its major drawbacks led to its decline. Cadmium is a heavy metal with significant environmental toxicity, making disposal and recycling a critical issue. Furthermore, NiCd batteries are prone to the ‘memory effect,’ where repeated partial discharge/charge cycles can cause a reduction in usable capacity. This necessitated periodic full discharge cycles to maintain performance. Despite being largely replaced by NiMH and Li-ion technologies in consumer goods, its durability ensures it remains in some niche industrial and aviation applications.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2204
- 电化学

类型

物理设备

中断

重大的

用法

小众/专业

前体

  • 加斯顿·普兰特的铅酸蓄电池(1859年)
  • 发展 alkaline electrolytes
  • 托马斯·爱迪生在镍铁电池领域的研究(1901年),其阴极化学成分与上述电池相似。

应用程序

  • 早期的无绳电动工具
  • 应急照​​明系统
  • 模型飞机和船
  • 锂离子之前的便携式电子设备
  • 航空电池

专利:

NA

潜在创新理念

  • 使用替代负极的无镉镍镉电池
  • 安全回收镉和镍的先进回收方法
  • nanostructured electrodes to mitigate memory effect
  • 固态碱性电解质可提高安全性
  • 用于高功率突发应用的混合镍镉超级电容器装置
  • 智能充电器具有修复周期,可自动逆转记忆效应
  • 采用生物浸出工艺从废旧电池中环保回收金属
  • flexible NiCd batteries for 可穿戴 技术
  • 用于地热或航空航天传感器的高温镍镉变体
  • 用于需要长期可靠性的植入式医疗设备的微型镍镉电池
Related to: NiCd, nickel-cadmium, Waldemar Jungner, 记忆效应, alkaline battery, cadmium, nickel oxide hydroxide, rechargeable, cycle life, portable electronics.

历史背景

镍镉电池(NiCd)

1890
1895
1895
1899
1900
1900
1900
1890
1895
1895
1896
1900
1900
1900
1900

(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

第十年 周年纪念日

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