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Invented by Waldemar Jungner in 1899, the NiCd battery uses nickel oxide hydroxide (NiO(OH)) as the positive electrode and metallic cadmium (Cd) as the negative electrode, with an alkaline electrolyte like potassium hydroxide (KOH). It is known for its long cycle life and good performance at low temperatures, but suffers from the 메모리 효과 그리고 카드뮴의 독성.
니켈-카드뮴 배터리는 이전보다 훨씬 발전된 기술이었다. lead-acid battery, offering a higher energy density and a much longer cycle life in a sealed, maintenance-free package. Waldemar Jungner’s invention provided a robust and reliable power source that became dominant in portable applications for much of the 20th century. The core chemical reaction during discharge is [latex]2 NiO(OH) + Cd + 2 H_2O rightarrow 2 Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2[/latex].
The use of an alkaline electrolyte, typically potassium hydroxide, was a key difference from the acidic electrolyte of 납산 cells. This chemistry allowed for a very flat discharge voltage curve, meaning the battery delivered a nearly constant voltage until it was almost fully depleted. However, its major drawbacks led to its decline. Cadmium is a heavy metal with significant environmental toxicity, making disposal and recycling a critical issue. Furthermore, NiCd batteries are prone to the ‘memory effect,’ where repeated partial discharge/charge cycles can cause a reduction in usable capacity. This necessitated periodic full discharge cycles to maintain performance. Despite being largely replaced by NiMH and Li-ion technologies in consumer goods, its durability ensures it remains in some niche industrial and aviation applications.
니켈-카드뮴 배터리(NiCd)
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