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瑞利散射和蓝天

1871
  • John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
蓝天说明了光学和物理学中的瑞利散射。.

(图片仅供参考)

瑞利 散射是指光被远小于其波长的粒子发生弹性散射的现象。这种现象造就了白天天空的蓝色。与波长较长的红色光相比,波长较短的蓝色阳光更容易被大气中的氮分子和氧分子散射,从而使天空从观察者的角度来看呈现蓝色。

The intensity of 瑞利 scattering is strongly dependent on the wavelength of the light, following an inverse fourth-power law: [latex]I \\propto \\lambda^{-4}[/latex]. This means that blue light (with a shorter wavelength, ~475 nm) is scattered about 16 times more intensely than red light (~700 nm) by the gas molecules in the atmosphere. When we look at the sky away from the direct sun, our eyes perceive this scattered blue light coming from all directions. Conversely, when the sun is near the horizon at sunrise or sunset, its light must travel through a much longer path in the atmosphere to reach the observer. By the time it does, most of the blue and green light has been scattered away from the direct line of sight, leaving the longer-wavelength oranges and reds to be seen. This same principle explains why distant clouds or mountains can appear bluish. Rayleigh scattering is distinct from Mie scattering, which is caused by particles of a size comparable to or larger than the wavelength of light (like water droplets in clouds) and is not strongly wavelength-dependent, which is why clouds appear white.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209
- 光学

类型

物理现象

中断

基础

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • 约翰·廷德尔关于气溶胶光散射的实验(廷德尔效应)
  • 詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦的电磁学理论
  • 奥古斯丁·让·菲涅耳的光波动理论
  • 对地球大气层组成的了解

应用程序

  • 分光光度法
  • 纤维 光学 沟通(作为一种损失来源)
  • 遥感和激光雷达
  • 用于逼真大气渲染的计算机图形
  • 浊度法(测量液体/气体中的颗粒浓度)
  • 日落和日出颜色的解释

专利:

NA

潜在创新理念

  • 智能玻璃可动态调整其散射特性来控制光和热
  • 模拟大气散射的先进伪装材料,实现隐形
  • pollutant sensors that detect specific nanoparticles by their unique scattering signatures
  • 利用散射光在细胞水平上分析组织的医学成像技术
  • 旨在最大程度减少瑞利散射的超低损耗光纤
  • 全息显示器可产生逼真的 3D 大气效果
  • 散射蓝光以促进特定植物生长模式的农用薄膜
  • 用于控制光散射以实现高级计算的光子晶体
  • artificially generated ‘blue skies’ for windowless environments using nanoparticle suspensions
  • 基于无人机的多波长散射测量大气分析系统
相关术语:瑞利散射、蓝天、大气光学、光散射、波长、电磁辐射、氮气、氧气、瑞利勋爵、日落颜色。

历史背景

瑞利散射和蓝天

1861
1865
1869
1871
1876
1877
1880
1861
1865
1868
1870
1873
1877
1880
1882-01-01

(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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