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化学电动势

1890
  • Walther Nernst
  • Josiah Willard Gibbs
电化学实验室的锂离子电池测试。

(图片仅供参考)

In electrochemical cells like batteries and fuel cells, 电磁场 is generated by chemical reactions. The separation of charge is driven by oxidation and reduction reactions occurring at two different electrodes. The maximum EMF of a cell is related to the change in Gibbs free energy ([latex]Delta G[/latex]) of the reaction by [latex]mathcal{E} = -frac{Delta G}{nF}[/latex], where [latex]n[/latex] is moles of electrons and [latex]F[/latex] is the Faraday constant.

这 电动势 in a chemical source arises from the potential energy difference of electrons in different chemical species. In a galvanic cell, two dissimilar metals (electrodes) are placed in an electrolyte, creating two half-cells. At one electrode (the anode), an oxidation reaction occurs, releasing electrons. At the other electrode (the cathode), a reduction reaction occurs, consuming electrons. This creates an electrical potential difference between the electrodes. The chemical reactions effectively act as a “charge pump,” doing work on the electrons to move them from a lower potential energy state to a higher one, thus establishing the EMF.

The theoretical maximum EMF is determined by the thermodynamics of the reaction, specifically the change in Gibbs free energy ([latex]\Delta G[/latex]), which represents the maximum non-expansion work that can be extracted from a thermodynamically closed system. The 内斯特 equation further refines this by relating the EMF to the standard electrode potential and the concentrations (or activities) of the reactants and products, showing how the cell’s voltage changes as the reaction proceeds and concentrations vary. This thermodynamic basis is fundamental to designing batteries with specific voltage outputs and energy densities, and for understanding processes like electrolysis, where an external EMF is used to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2203
– Electro-chemistry

类型

化学过程

中断

革命

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • Luigi Galvani’s experiments with frog legs
  • 亚历山德罗-伏尔塔发明了 伏打桩
  • Michael Faraday’s laws of 电解
  • Josiah Willard Gibbs’s development of chemical thermodynamics

应用程序

专利:

NA

潜在创新理念

  • solid-state batteries using ceramic electrolytes for enhanced safety and energy density
  • 使用液体化学反应物的液流电池用于电网规模存储
  • 利用体液中的葡萄糖运行的生物相容性燃料电池
  • 利用阳光将水分解成氢和氧的光电化学电池
  • 具有自修复电极的电池可显著延长循环寿命
  • 具有极高理论能量密度的金属空气电池
  • printed, flexible batteries for 可穿戴 电子学
  • 集成到车辆或飞机底盘的结构电池
Related to: electrochemistry, battery, galvanic cell, Gibbs free energy, Nernst equation, electrode, electrolyte, redox reaction.

历史背景

化学电动势

1885
1887
1889
1890
1890
1895
1895
1884
1887
1888
1889
1890
1890
1895
1895

(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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