Muda, Muri, Mura (3 of the 7 Wastes)

A foundational economic fact is that the total monetary volume of business-to-business (B2B) transactions significantly surpasses that of business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. This is because a single finished consumer product often involves a long supply chain with multiple B2B transactions—from raw materials to manufacturing components to wholesale distribution—before the final B2C sale occurs.

Kanban, meaning "visual card" or "signboard" in Japanese, is a scheduling system integral to the Toyota Production System. It uses visual cues, typically cards, to trigger action and manage workflow. It is a "pull" system that signals the need to move materials within a manufacturing facility or from an outside supplier into the production facility.

The Fill Factor (FF) is a key parameter that determines the quality of a solar cell. It is the ratio of the maximum power a cell can produce ([latex]P_{max}[/latex]) to the theoretical power if it were an ideal voltage and current source ([latex]V_{oc} \times I_{sc}[/latex]). A higher fill factor indicates lower parasitic resistance losses and a more 'square' I-V curve.

FTA is a top-down, deductive failure analysis technique. It starts with a potential undesired event (the "top event") and uses Boolean logic gates (AND, OR, etc.) to determine the combinations of component failures or human errors that could cause it. It provides a graphical model for understanding and quantifying system risk, identifying critical failure paths.

Passive solar design is a building design strategy that uses a building's components—walls, floors, windows, and orientation—to collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. Unlike active solar heating systems, it does not involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.

The Buying Center is a model representing all individuals and groups within an organization who participate in a purchase decision. It's not a fixed unit but a set of roles assumed by different people for different purchases. These roles include initiators, users, influencers, deciders, approvers, buyers, and gatekeepers, each impacting the final decision through their specific function and authority.

FMEA is a systematic, bottom-up, inductive method for identifying potential failure modes in a system, product, or process. For each failure mode, it assesses the potential effects or consequences, their severity, likelihood of occurrence, and the ability to detect them. The goal is to prioritize and mitigate high-risk failure modes before they occur.

The PDCA cycle, also known as the Deming Cycle or Shewhart Cycle, is an iterative four-step management method used for the control and continuous improvement of processes and products. It provides a simple and effective approach for solving problems and managing change, ensuring that ideas are tested on a small scale before being implemented organization-wide.

A structured methodology for creating new products, typically involving analysis, concept development, and synthesis. It is an iterative cycle where designers research user needs, brainstorm ideas, create prototypes, and test them to refine the final product. This process ensures that the end product is both functional and meets market demands effectively before full-scale production.

Heijunka is the principle of production leveling or smoothing within the Toyota Production System. It involves averaging out the production volume and mix over a fixed period to eliminate peaks and valleys in workload. This creates a predictable and stable manufacturing environment, which is a prerequisite for implementing Just-in-Time (JIT) and standardized work effectively.

Takt time is a theoretical calculation representing the pace of customer demand ([latex]Available Time \div Demand[/latex]). In contrast, cycle time is an empirical measurement of the actual time taken to complete one unit of work at a specific process step. A core principle of lean manufacturing is to ensure that cycle time is consistently less than or equal to Takt time.

The use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software allows product designers and engineers to create precise 2D and 3D models, replacing manual drafting. This technology dramatically increases productivity, improves the quality of design, and facilitates better communication through detailed visualizations and simulations.

Solid modeling in CAD represents objects as unambiguous, voluminous 3D shapes. Two primary techniques dominate: Boundary Representation (B-rep), which defines a solid by its bounding surfaces (faces, edges, vertices), and Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG), which builds complex shapes by applying Boolean operations (union, subtract, intersect) to simpler primitive solids like cubes, spheres, and cylinders.

A design methodology where 'X' represents a specific product life cycle objective. DFX encompasses a collection of guidelines and techniques aimed at optimizing a product's design for a particular goal, such as manufacturability (DFM), assembly (DFA), reliability (DFR), or sustainability (DfS). This proactive approach addresses potential issues early in the design phase, reducing costs and improving quality.