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How to Reduce Product Cost by 15% (example)

Or how an already entry-level product can be even cheaper designed and manufactured, with no degradation of end-user experience. Value analysis is the key. What

Scientist performing MTT assay in a cell biology laboratory for assessing cell viability.

MTT Assay for Measuring Cell Viability

The MTT assay is a colorimetric method for assessing cell metabolic activity, which serves as a proxy for cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. Viable cells

Antique autoclave used for steam sterilization in applied microbiology.

Autoclave Steam Sterilization

A method using high-pressure saturated steam at high temperatures to sterilize equipment and supplies. A typical cycle is 121 °C (250 °F) at 100 kPa

Thermal sterilization setup with microbial cultures and temperature monitoring in applied microbiology.

Decimal Reduction Time (D-value)

The D-value is the time required at a specific temperature to kill 90% (or one log reduction) of a target microorganism population. It is a

Shockley–Queisser Limit

The Shockley–Queisser limit is the maximum theoretical efficiency for a single p-n junction solar cell. It considers only radiative recombination and black-body radiation losses. For

Precision analytical instrument in a laboratory for measuring repeatability limit.

The repeatability limit, [latex]r[/latex], is a critical value derived from the repeatability standard deviation ([latex]s_r[/latex]). It represents the maximum expected absolute difference between two single

Cleanroom airflow systems demonstrating laminar and turbulent flow principles in semiconductor applications.

Cleanroom Airflow Principles: Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Cleanrooms utilize two primary airflow principles to control contamination. Turbulent (or non-unidirectional) flow involves mixed air streams, suitable for less stringent classes (ISO 6-9). Laminar

Contamination Control Strategy & Cleanroom 26 Best Practices

A Contamination Control Strategy (CCS) is a comprehensive, documented framework that establishes the formal approach for managing risks to product quality from all forms of

From GMP to cGMP: the Full Mastering Guide

Good Manufacturing Practice, or GMP, is the universal standard for quality production. It is a set of rules to ensure that products like medicines, food,

IQ OQ PQ Process Validation: Full Theory & Praxis

The IQ OQ PQ process validation methodology, standing for Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ), and Performance Qualification (PQ) sequence constitutes the established framework for