Google Scholar

Google Scholar compared with Semantic Scholar and Web of Science
Google Scholar	Semantic Scholar	Web of Science
Coverage: Google Scholar searches articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions from publishers, professional societies, repositories, universities and other websites. Google does not warrant that the content is complete or accurate.	Coverage: Semantic Scholar indexes more than 200 million academic papers from publisher partnerships, data providers and web crawls.	Coverage: Web of Science is owned by Clarivate and covers science, social sciences, arts and humanities. The Core Collection has six main indexes, including the Science Citation Index Expanded and the Social Sciences Citation Index, with coverage back to 1900.
Ranking and discovery: Results are ranked by weighing the full text, the place of publication, the authors, and how often and how recently a document was cited. Related works, citing documents and author profiles are linked.	Ranking and discovery: Its own models extract key ideas and connections between papers, so a reader can grasp a paper at a glance.	Ranking and discovery: Citation links let a user find works that cite a given paper, judge its influence and spot emerging topics.
Programmatic access: No API is mentioned in the help pages, and the service states that it cannot provide bulk access. Large-scale data work therefore needs another source.	Programmatic access: The Academic Graph API, Recommendations API and Datasets API are available free of charge, with paper records returned as JSON.
Access model: The service is free. Abstracts are available for most articles, but reading the full article may require a subscription, with links to library holdings.	Access model: The search engine and the tools are free to use, and API use falls under an API License Agreement.	Access model: Access is paid and is normally sold to institutions through a subscription.
Export and alerts: Citations export to BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan and RefWorks. Email alerts report newly published papers that match a saved search.

Google Scholar compared with Semantic Scholar and Web of Science

Google Scholar

Semantic Scholar

Web of Science

Coverage: Google Scholar searches articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions from publishers, professional societies, repositories, universities and other websites. Google does not warrant that the content is complete or accurate.

Coverage: Semantic Scholar indexes more than 200 million academic papers from publisher partnerships, data providers and web crawls.

Coverage: Web of Science is owned by Clarivate and covers science, social sciences, arts and humanities. The Core Collection has six main indexes, including the Science Citation Index Expanded and the Social Sciences Citation Index, with coverage back to 1900.

Ranking and discovery: Results are ranked by weighing the full text, the place of publication, the authors, and how often and how recently a document was cited. Related works, citing documents and author profiles are linked.

Ranking and discovery: Its own models extract key ideas and connections between papers, so a reader can grasp a paper at a glance.

Ranking and discovery: Citation links let a user find works that cite a given paper, judge its influence and spot emerging topics.

Programmatic access: No API is mentioned in the help pages, and the service states that it cannot provide bulk access. Large-scale data work therefore needs another source.

Programmatic access: The Academic Graph API, Recommendations API and Datasets API are available free of charge, with paper records returned as JSON.

Access model: The service is free. Abstracts are available for most articles, but reading the full article may require a subscription, with links to library holdings.

Access model: The search engine and the tools are free to use, and API use falls under an API License Agreement.

Access model: Access is paid and is normally sold to institutions through a subscription.

Export and alerts: Citations export to BibTeX, EndNote, RefMan and RefWorks. Email alerts report newly published papers that match a saved search.