Mikroplastik: Herkunft, Auswirkungen und technische Lösungen

Wussten Sie, dass 60% bis 80% der Meeresabfälle aus Kunststoff bestehen? Schockierenderweise sind 90% der in den Meeren treibenden Abfälle aus Plastik. Dies schadet den Ökosystemen unseres Planeten erheblich. Winzige Partikel, bekannt als Mikroplastik, are less than 5 millimeters. They present a critical environmental crisis. This piece explores the issues, effects, and fixes for *environmental pollution* by *microplastics* and *plastic waste accumulation*.

Wichtigste Erkenntnisse

• Plastic materials constitute between 60% and 80% of marine waste.
• 90% of waste floating in oceans is plastic.
• Microplastics are particles smaller than 5 millimeters.
• People consume an average of 39,000–52,000 microplastic particles per year.
• Microplastics have been detected in human organs and tissues.

Introduction to Microplastics

Microplastics are a big issue in environmental studies because they’re everywhere and can be harmful. To understand them, we need to know what they are, where they come from, and how they’re classified.

Definition of Microplastics

Microplastics are small plastic pieces smaller than 5 millimeters long. They come from all sorts of plastic items and are a big part of pollution from tiny fibers. The term “microplastics” covers a wide range of sources and uses, showing they’re common in our surroundings.

Classification and Sources

Microplastics fall into two groups: primary and secondary. Primary microplastics are made on purpose, like cosmetic beads and manufacturing pellets. For example, using an exfoliant once can send up to 94,500 microbeads into nature. Secondary microplastics break off from bigger plastic things, like bottles and bags, over time.

1. Synthetic textiles
2. Tires
3. City dust
4. Road markings

These sources add a lot to the microplastic pollution seen around the world. Every year, 4 to 14 million tons of plastic pollution might enter the oceans. Shockingly, over 114 aquatic species have been found with microplastics in them.

Microplastics are found in drinking water, food, and even in our blood. Research shows 77% of people studied had plastic in their blood. We might get about five grams of microplastics in our bodies each week, the size of a credit card. This issue is worrying because Kunststoffe take a long time to decompose.

The fact that microplastics are found from remote lakes to our bodies highlights the urgent need to find solutions and better manage this issue.

Historical Context of Plastic Usage

The story of plastics started in the mid-19th century. John Wesley Hyatt made the first synthetic polymers in 1869. He used cellulose from cotton fibers. The aim was to mimic substances like tortoiseshell and ivory. This began a revolution in materials.

Development of Synthetic Polymers

In 1862, Alexander Parkes created the first man-made plastic, ‘Parkesine.’ This was a big change. It allowed us to mass-produce items not relying on scarce natural resources. These steps were key for the future of plastics.

Plastic Boom Post-World War II

After World War II, the use of plastics skyrocketed. Plastics were key in many areas because they are strong and last long. During the war, the US saw plastic production jump by 300%. Innovations like Nylon parachutes and Plexiglas windows were important.

After the war, plastics started to replace traditional materials. They were used in making cars, packaging, and furniture. Yet, plastics’ durability soon became a problem. They didn’t break down easily, leading to waste and pollution.

How Microplastics Reach Water Bodies

Microplastics are tiny particles under 5mm. They are everywhere in our environment, especially in water. They come from many places and travel in different ways to get into oceans and lakes. Knowing how this happens is key to stopping the problem of microplastics in water.

Primary Microplastics

Primary microplastics are tiny plastics made on purpose for use in products and industry. They are in things like face scrubs and are used to make plastic items. Even after the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015, they still pose a big risk due to their small size and wide use.

Secondary Microplastics

Secondary microplastics are bits from bigger pieces of plastic that broke down. Sunlight, wind, and water help this happen. A study showed that 91% of these bits in a certain river were secondary, mainly from polyethylene. Sources on land are a big part of the problem, causing up to 80% of the pollution.

Pathways to Oceans and Lakes

Microplastics get to oceans and lakes in many ways. They can travel via rivers, runoff from cities, and wastewater. A study highlights that microfibers, from washing clothes, are a major type of microplastic in water. They make up around 35% of the ocean’s microplastics.

There are ways to remove most of these microfibers, but we need laws, technology, and financial tools. In places like Europe and North America, sewage sludge puts lots of microplastics in soil. Burning this waste can help. Dealing with runoff is vital to tackling the issue of microplastics in our waters.

Dangers of Microplastic Contamination

Microplastics are tiny synthetic particles that pose big environmental threats. They come from various sources like washing clothes, city dust, ships, and cleaning products. Being so small, marine animals can easily swallow them. This starts a chain of contamination in the food chain.

These particles don’t go away. They come from human activities that break down larger plastics into tiny bits. If not caught by sewage treatments, they can end up inside us, risking our health. It’s a fact that microplastics have been found inside human bodies, from the lungs to the stomach.

Microplastics cause physical harm to ocean life. When marine creatures ingest them, they can suffer organ damage and stress. This can lead to poor nutrition, inflammation, lowered breeding ability, and death. Such effects upset the balance of marine ecosystems.

The issue of microplastics is worldwide. They’ve been found from the icy lands of Antarctica to the Atlantic’s deep seas. Studies even show that they harm mice, hurting their digestion and reproductive health.

In places like the Netherlands and Germany, research is expanding into microplastics on land. Attempts are being made globally to fight microplastic pollution. Countries like South Korea, the United States, France, and the European Union have put rules in place. These include banning microplastics in some products and businesses.

“The persistence and pervasiveness of microplastics in our environment require immediate and comprehensive action to prevent further contamination and protect both ecosystems and human health.”

There’s a global push to tackle the problem of microplastics. International groups are coming together to figure out how to monitor and manage them. This team effort is about making sure our future is free of microplastic dangers.

Health Impacts of Microplastics

Das Verständnis der health impacts of microplastics is crucial. These tiny particles are now a big part of our daily lives. In the last 20 years, plastic production has doubled. Every year, 8-10 million metric tons of plastic enter our oceans.

Microplastic Ingestion

Microplastics get into our bodies through normal activities. They’re in fruits, vegetables, plastic bottles, air, cosmetics, and dust. The danger increases because of harmful chemicals in them, like BPA and phthalates.

These chemicals can cause heart disease, lower a man’s ability to have children, and lead to metabolic disorders. They’re also linked to ADHD.

Accumulation in Human Organs

Microplastics can build up in vital organs. Studies have found them in breast milk, placentas, and even in hearts and kidneys. This is worrying, particularly because these particles might reach the brain.

In a study, mice exposed to microplastics showed signs of cognitive problems, similar to dementia.

Endocrine and Immune System Disruptions

Microplastics also mess with our endocrine system. This affects reproduction and growth. Chemicals in plastics, like PFAS, have been linked to cancers and fertility problems. Studies have found microplastics in people’s stool, especially in those with bowel diseases. This shows the impact on our immune systems.

Microplastics cause problems from ingestion to immune system effects. It’s crucial to deal with this issue. While our actions help, we need big changes from governments and businesses to make a real difference.

Effects on Marine Life

Microplastics greatly affect marine life. They threaten both small and large aquatic animals. Studies show these tiny plastics harm ocean ecosystems and our food.

Impact on Aquatic Species

Microplastics are harmful, not just ugly. They hurt all who live in the ocean. Every year, eight million tons of plastic end up in the sea. But just one percent stays on the surface.

The rest turns into tiny pieces. Ocean currents spread them, making them hard to find. Plankton and fish larvae eat these plastics. This causes problems in their stomachs and stops them from getting nutrients. An estimated 12 million metric tons of plastic are added to the ocean yearly. This issue is growing.

Fish suffer when they eat microplastics. Their insides get damaged. This can mess up how they grow and reproduce. Because of plastic, over a million seabirds and 100,000 marine mammals die every year.

Food Chain Contamination

Microplastics’ impact goes beyond the sea. They move up the food chain from fish to us. This process puts harmful chemicals into the foods we eat. This raises big concerns about our food’s safety. Our oceans have a lot of these plastics floating around.

Research shows microplastics can slow down how oceans take in carbon. This is bad for climate change. These plastics carry poisons that spread through the food chain. It hurts sea life and puts our biodiversity at risk. Scientists are studying how bad this problem is for both sea creatures and people.

Current Projects and Technologies to Mitigate Microplastics

Europe is leading the fight against microplastics. It is running projects and strategies to solve this issue sustainably.

EU Legislation and Strategies

The European Commission has updated the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive. It targets removing micro-pollutants, including microplastics. The EU aims to cut plastic litter at sea by 50% and reduce microplastics by 30% by 2030. They are also working on laws to support these goals.

LIFE Blue Lakes Project

The LIFE Blue Lakes Project is an outstanding initiative. It tackles microplastics in lakes by combining law, community action, and technology. Key efforts include:

• Boosting public awareness and getting more people involved.
• Taking steps to stop microplastics at their source.
• Using new methods to monitor microplastic levels in lakes.

This project helps shape policies for fighting microplastics at different levels.

Innovations in Wastewater Treatment

New tech in wastewater treatment is vital to fight microplastics. By using advanced filters, these plants can catch and remove microplastics well. The Plastic Pollution Prevention and Collection Technology Inventory shows important techniques being tested:

These technologies are crucial for reducing microplastics and match EU’s environmental strategies to protect waters.

Technical Solutions for Reducing Microplastics

People are getting more worried about microplastics. We need technical solutions, new materials, and better public policies to fight this issue.

Advanced Filtration Techniques

Advanced filters are making a big difference. The University of Toronto found they catch about 90% of microfibers going into our water. Membrane bioreactors are even better for places with strict rules. And using activated carbon from epoxy waste? That takes out 94% of the tiniest plastics.

Alternative Materials

We also need to switch up our materials. If we use things that break down naturally, we can cut down on microplastics. Researchers are finding replacements for PET, which is in bottles and clothes, to help stop microplastics at their source.

Public Awareness and Policy Changes

Changing laws and teaching people about the issue is key. Some countries are banning microbeads in cosmetics. Plus, projects like Mr. Trash Wheel in Baltimore’s Harbor show how getting the community involved makes a huge difference. It’s captured over 1,400 tons of trash!

Schlussfolgerung

Microplastics pollution is a big challenge that needs us to work together to solve it. More than 7,000 studies show microplastics are everywhere – in nature, animals, and even humans. It’s a serious issue we must deal with fast. Every year, up to three million tonnes of microplastics go into the oceans. On land, it could be as much as 40 million tonnes.

By 2040, the amount of microplastics could double if we don’t act now. This is why we must start taking steps to tackle this issue immediately.

Microplastics harm many ecosystems and over 1,300 types of animals, including fish and birds. They’re found in food like seafood and honey, and even in our organs. This pollution is not only bad for nature but can also affect our health in ways we’re still trying to understand.

To fight microplastic pollution, we need to prevent it, find new technology, and create strict rules. We should focus on filtering out microplastics and finding alternatives to using so much plastic. Getting everyone aware and supporting laws for a greener Earth is key.

As people worry more about microplastics, working together becomes crucial. Industries, governments, and communities must unite for real change. Strong environmental strategies are our best hope for less pollution and safeguarding our health and the planet.