有理数是指任何能表示为分数或商[latex]p/q[/latex]的数,其中[latex]p[/latex]是整数,[latex]q[/latex]是非零整数。 所有有理数的集合记作\mathbb{Q}。这一基础概念将整数体系扩展至包含分数,从而能够表示整体的若干部分。.

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有理数是指任何能表示为分数或商[latex]p/q[/latex]的数,其中[latex]p[/latex]是整数,[latex]q[/latex]是非零整数。 所有有理数的集合记作\mathbb{Q}。这一基础概念将整数体系扩展至包含分数,从而能够表示整体的若干部分。.
The concept of a rational number arises from the need to measure quantities that are not whole multiples of a unit. In mathematics, it formalizes the idea of a ratio between two integers. A rational number is formally defined as an equivalence class of ordered pairs of integers [latex](p, q)[/latex] with [latex]q \neq 0[/latex]. The equivalence relation is defined as [latex](p_1, q_1) \sim (p_2, q_2)[/latex] if and only if [latex]p_1 q_2 = p_2 q_1[/latex]. This means, for example, that the fractions 1/2, 2/4, and -3/-6 all represent the same rational number.
Every integer is a rational number, since any integer [latex]n[/latex] can be written as the fraction [latex]n/1[/latex]. The set of rational numbers, denoted by [latex]\mathbb{Q}[/latex] (for ‘quotient’), is therefore a superset of the integers [latex]\mathbb{Z}[/latex]. Unlike integers, rational numbers are not uniquely represented; each rational number has infinitely many fractional forms. The form where [latex]p[/latex] and [latex]q[/latex] are coprime (have no common divisors other than 1) and [latex]q > 0[/latex] is called the canonical or lowest terms representation.
The development of this concept was not immediate. Ancient Egyptians used a system of unit fractions, but the Greeks, particularly the Pythagoreans, were among the first to systematically study ratios of integers. Their worldview was shaken by the discovery of irrational numbers, such as the 2的平方根, which could not be expressed as such a ratio. This discovery highlighted the distinction between rational and irrational numbers, a cornerstone of number theory.
有理数
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