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沉淀硬化

1906
  • Alfred Wilm
冶金学家正在分析铝合金样品,以验证沉淀硬化效应。

(图片仅供参考)

Precipitation hardening, or age hardening, is a heat treatment process that increases the 屈服强度 of malleable materials. It involves heating an 合金 to dissolve solute elements (solutionizing), rapidly cooling (quenching) to trap them in a supersaturated solid solution, and then aging at a lower temperature to allow fine particles of a second phase (precipitates) to form, which obstruct dislocation movement.

阿尔弗雷德·威尔姆 (Alfred Wilm) 偶然发现了沉淀硬化现象。在研究一种含铜、镁和锰的铝合金(后来命名为 Duralumin)时,他注意到即使在室温下,其硬度也会在淬火几天后增加。现在人们认为这种现象分为三个步骤。首先,在固溶处理中,将合金加热到足够高的温度,使所有溶质原子溶解成单相固溶体。其次,将合金在水等介质中快速淬火,使原子冻结在原地,形成过饱和固溶体。这种状态在热力学上是不稳定的。第三,在时效过程中(室温或高温),过饱和溶质原子扩散并聚集在一起,形成极小、连贯的新相颗粒,称为沉淀物。

These precipitates act as powerful obstacles to the movement of dislocations, which are the primary carriers of plastic deformation in crystalline materials. The effectiveness of the strengthening depends on the size, shape, and distribution of these precipitates. Initially, as precipitates form and grow, the strength increases. However, if the aging process continues for too long (over-aging), the precipitates become too large and lose coherency with the matrix, allowing dislocations to bypass them more easily, which leads to a decrease in strength. This process allows for the precise tailoring of an alloy’s mechanical properties.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 3308
– 冶金学

类型

化学过程

中断

革命

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • 维托·沃尔泰拉等人发现晶体中的位错
  • 理解固态扩散和阿伦尼乌斯方程
  • 控制热处理炉的开发
  • 亨利·克利夫顿·索比(Henry Clifton Sorby)开创的观察微观结构的金相学技术

应用程序

  • 用于飞机结构的高强度铝合金(例如 2024、7075)
  • 用于工具、火箭外壳和起落架的马氏体时效钢
  • 用于喷气发动机涡轮叶片的镍基高温合金(例如 Inconel 718)
  • 用于无火花工具和高性能弹簧的铜铍合金
  • 专用不锈钢(例如 17-4ph)

专利:

  • German Patent 244554

潜在创新理念

  • 4D打印金属,通过随时间推移或响应刺激而控制沉淀,实现自我强化
  • 具有多个沉淀阶段的合金,可实现多级强化
  • 纳米颗粒种子合金可高精度控制沉淀成核位置
  • in-situ precipitation hardening during 快速成型制造 流程
  • alloys designed for ‘dynamic’ precipitation hardening during operational stress
  • 生物医学植入物会在体内随着时间推移而变硬,以适应骨骼硬度
  • self-healing alloys where precipitates form to ‘pin’ crack tips
  • 具有沉淀物的合金,可以通过局部加热溶解并重新沉淀
  • thermoelectric materials whose efficiency is enhanced by precipitate-induced phonon 散射
  • 磁性合金,其中沉淀物为磁畴形成钉扎点
Related to: precipitation hardening, age hardening, heat treatment, 屈服强度, dislocation, precipitate, duralumin, superalloy, metallurgy, strengthening mechanism.

历史背景

沉淀硬化

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1897
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1903-05-10
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