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共晶系统

1884
  • Frederick Guthrie
冶金学家在实验室中研究共晶合金的微观结构。

(图片仅供参考)

共晶体系是指两种或两种以上组分的混合物,其凝固温度单一且低于任何一种组分的熔点。这种特定的组成成分即为共晶点。冷却后,共晶液相转变成细小的固相混合物,通常具有特征性的层状(层状)微观结构。

The concept of a eutectic system is best visualized using a binary phase diagram, which plots temperature against composition. The eutectic point is the specific composition and temperature at which the liquid phase is in equilibrium with two solid phases. For a binary system of components A and B, the eutectic reaction is represented as [latex]L \rightleftharpoons \alpha + \beta[/latex], where L is the liquid phase, and [latex]\alpha[/latex] and [latex]\beta[/latex] are two different solid phases (rich in A and B, respectively). This invariant reaction occurs at a constant temperature, the eutectic temperature.

The low melting point of eutectic alloys is highly advantageous for casting, as it reduces the energy required and minimizes thermal stress on molds. The microstructure formed during eutectic solidification is typically a fine, intimate mixture of the solid phases, such as alternating layers (lamellae) of [latex]\alpha[/latex] and [latex]\beta[/latex]. This fine microstructure can impart unique mechanical properties, such as high strength and wear resistance, as seen in cast iron where the eutectic structure consists of ferrite and cementite. Compositions other than the eutectic are termed hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, and they begin to solidify by precipitating one of the primary solid phases before reaching the eutectic temperature, where the remaining liquid then undergoes the eutectic transformation.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 3308
– 冶金学

类型

物理现象

中断

重大的

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • 水溶液凝固点降低的研究
  • 量热法等热分析技术的发展
  • josiah willard gibbs’ work on phase equilibria and the phase rule
  • 用于观察微观结构的早期金相学

应用程序

  • 用于连接电子元件的铅锡和无铅焊料
  • casting of complex shapes using cast iron, which is a near-eutectic iron-carbon 合金
  • 用于高温连接异种金属的钎焊合金
  • phase-change materials for 热能储存
  • 生产室温下无毒的液态金属合金 Galinstan

专利:

    潜在创新理念

    • 嵌入共晶合金丝的自修复复合材料,加热时会熔化并填充裂缝
    • 利用共晶合金进行金属物体的低温3D打印
    • 用于冷却大功率电子设备的先进热界面材料
    • 可回收粘合剂,加热至共晶温度后分离
    • 用作可注射接骨剂的生物相容性共晶合金
    • 高熵共晶合金具有优异的强度和铸造性
    • 液态金属 coolants for next-generation nuclear reactors
    • 用于安全印刷应用的相变油墨
    • 用于高温太阳能热能储存的共晶盐混合物
    • 激光熔覆共晶粉末形成的耐磨涂层
    Related to: eutectic system, eutectic point, phase diagram, melting point depression, solder, cast iron, lamellar structure, solidification, metallurgy, thermodynamics.

    历史背景

    共晶系统

    1867
    1875-01-01
    1881
    1884
    1890
    1890
    1899-01-01
    1860
    1870
    1876
    1882-01-01
    1886-04-23
    1890
    1897
    1900

    (如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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