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고온 초전도

1986
  • Johannes Georg Bednorz
  • Karl Alexander Müller
고온 초전도 세라믹 소재를 연구하는 연구원들이 있는 실험실 풍경.

(설명을 위한 생성된 이미지입니다)

In 1986, Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller discovered 초전도성 in a ceramic material, a lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite, at a 임계 온도 of ~35 K. This was significantly higher than the ~23 K record for conventional superconductors at the time and shattered the belief that superconductivity was restricted to much lower temperatures, opening the field of high-temperature superconductivity.

The discovery by Bednorz and Müller at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory was a major breakthrough. For decades, the progress in raising the critical temperature ([latex]T_c[/latex]) had been slow and incremental, with most physicists believing that the electron-phonon mechanism described by BCS theory had a theoretical upper limit of around 30-40 K. Bednorz and Müller decided to investigate metallic oxides, a class of materials generally considered unsuitable for superconductivity. Their discovery in lanthanum barium copper oxide (LBCO) with a [latex]T_c[/latex] of 35 K was quickly confirmed and followed by a rapid succession of discoveries of related materials with even higher critical temperatures. In 1987, Paul Chu’s group discovered yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) with a [latex]T_c[/latex] of 92 K. This was a particularly significant milestone because 92 K is above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K), a coolant that is far cheaper and easier to handle than the liquid helium required for all previous superconductors. This made many applications economically and practically feasible for the first time. These materials, known as cuprates, are Type II superconductors with a layered, perovskite-like crystal structure. Despite intense research for over three decades, a complete, universally accepted microscopic theory for high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates remains elusive, though it is widely believed to involve a different pairing mechanism than the conventional phonon-mediated attraction of BCS theory.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2211
고체물리학

유형

물리적 속성

분열

점진적

용법

널리 사용됨

전구체

  • BCS 이론 (비교 기준선 제공)
  • 금속 산화물 및 세라믹 연구
  • 첨단 소재 합성 기술
  • 신뢰할 수 있는 저온 측정 시스템 개발

응용 프로그램

  • 초전도 전력 전송 케이블
  • 연구 및 MRI용 고자기장 전자석
  • 전력망용 단락 전류 제한기
  • 셀룰러 통신 필터
  • 고성능 전기 모터 및 발전기

특허:

NA

잠재적 혁신 아이디어

  • compact fusion reactors (tokamaks) using high-field magnets
  • lossless data centers with superconducting interconnects
  • high-speed maglev transport systems operating with 액체 질소 cooling
  • efficient and lightweight electric aircraft propulsion systems
  • large-scale energy storage flywheels with superconducting bearings
  • silent naval propulsion systems (magnetohydrodynamic drive)
  • next-generation particle accelerators with higher energy beams
  • wireless power transfer over long distances
  • space elevators with superconducting ribbons
  • ultra-sensitive detectors for dark matter searches
Related to: high-temperature 초전도성, cuprates, YBCO, critical temperature, liquid nitrogen, Bednorz and Müller, unconventional superconductivity, condensed matter physics, perovskite, ceramic superconductor.

역사적 맥락

고온 초전도

1980
1984
1986
1986
1991
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1997
1980
1984
1985
1986
1990
1993-01-01
1995
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(날짜를 알 수 없거나 관련이 없는 경우, 예를 들어 "유체역학"의 경우, 주목할 만한 등장 시기를 대략적으로 추정하여 제공합니다.)

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