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Supercondutividade de Alta Temperatura

1986
  • Johannes Georg Bednorz
  • Karl Alexander Müller
Cena de laboratório com pesquisadores que estudam materiais cerâmicos supercondutores de alta temperatura.

(Imagem gerada apenas para fins ilustrativos)

In 1986, Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller discovered supercondutividade in a ceramic material, a lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite, at a temperatura crítica of ~35 K. This was significantly higher than the ~23 K record for conventional superconductors at the time and shattered the belief that superconductivity was restricted to much lower temperatures, opening the field of high-temperature superconductivity.

The discovery by Bednorz and Müller at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory was a major breakthrough. For decades, the progress in raising the critical temperature ([latex]T_c[/latex]) had been slow and incremental, with most physicists believing that the electron-phonon mechanism described by BCS theory had a theoretical upper limit of around 30-40 K. Bednorz and Müller decided to investigate metallic oxides, a class of materials generally considered unsuitable for superconductivity. Their discovery in lanthanum barium copper oxide (LBCO) with a [latex]T_c[/latex] of 35 K was quickly confirmed and followed by a rapid succession of discoveries of related materials with even higher critical temperatures. In 1987, Paul Chu’s group discovered yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) with a [latex]T_c[/latex] of 92 K. This was a particularly significant milestone because 92 K is above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77 K), a coolant that is far cheaper and easier to handle than the liquid helium required for all previous superconductors. This made many applications economically and practically feasible for the first time. These materials, known as cuprates, are Type II superconductors with a layered, perovskite-like crystal structure. Despite intense research for over three decades, a complete, universally accepted microscopic theory for high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates remains elusive, though it is widely believed to involve a different pairing mechanism than the conventional phonon-mediated attraction of BCS theory.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2211
Física do estado sólido

Tipo

Propriedade física

Interrupção

Incremental

Uso

Uso generalizado

Precursores

  • Teoria BCS (fornecendo uma base de comparação)
  • pesquisa em óxidos metálicos e cerâmicas
  • técnicas avançadas de síntese de materiais
  • desenvolvimento de sistemas confiáveis ​​de medição de baixa temperatura

Aplicações

  • cabos supercondutores de transmissão de energia
  • Eletroímãs de alto campo para pesquisa e ressonância magnética.
  • Limitadores de corrente de falta para redes elétricas
  • filtros de comunicação celular
  • motores e geradores elétricos de alto desempenho

Patentes:

NA

Ideias de Inovação Potencial

  • compact fusion reactors (tokamaks) using high-field magnets
  • lossless data centers with superconducting interconnects
  • high-speed maglev transport systems operating with nitrogênio líquido cooling
  • efficient and lightweight electric aircraft propulsion systems
  • large-scale energy storage flywheels with superconducting bearings
  • silent naval propulsion systems (magnetohydrodynamic drive)
  • next-generation particle accelerators with higher energy beams
  • wireless power transfer over long distances
  • space elevators with superconducting ribbons
  • ultra-sensitive detectors for dark matter searches
Related to: high-temperature supercondutividade, cuprates, YBCO, critical temperature, liquid nitrogen, Bednorz and Müller, unconventional superconductivity, condensed matter physics, perovskite, ceramic superconductor.

Contexto histórico

Supercondutividade de Alta Temperatura

1980
1984
1986
1986
1991
1994
1997
1980
1984
1985
1986
1990
1993-01-01
1995
2000

(Caso a data seja desconhecida ou irrelevante, por exemplo, "mecânica dos fluidos", é fornecida uma estimativa aproximada de seu surgimento notável)

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