Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants, or their enzymes to return a contaminated environment to its original condition. It can be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as chlorinated pesticides, or to treat a wider range of pollutants. Bioremediation can occur naturally (natural attenuation) or be spurred on by adding fertilizers (biostimulation) or specific microorganisms (bioaugmentation).

An approach to land management and philosophy that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural ecosystems. It includes a set of design principles derived from systems thinking, and it aims to create sustainable human settlements and agricultural systems by modeling them on natural patterns. Core tenets include care for the Earth, care for people, and fair share (returning surplus).

Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) is an in-situ physical remediation technology used for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and some semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in unsaturated soil (the vadose zone). The process involves applying a vacuum to the soil through extraction wells, which creates a pressure gradient that induces gas-phase contaminants to move through the soil and be collected for treatment.

The Kaya identity is a mathematical formula stating that the total emission level of carbon dioxide can be expressed as the product of four factors: human population, GDP per capita, energy intensity (energy per unit of GDP), and carbon intensity (emissions per unit of energy). The formula is \(F = P \times \frac{G}{P} \times \frac{E}{G} \times \frac{F}{E}\), where F is CO2 emissions, P is population, G is GDP, and E is energy consumption.

The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol categorizes greenhouse gas emissions into three scopes. Scope 1 covers direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. Scope 2 includes indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating, and cooling. Scope 3 encompasses all other indirect emissions that occur in a company's value chain, both upstream and downstream, such as purchased goods, business travel, and product use.

Acid rain results from atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) reacting with water, oxygen, and other chemicals. SO2 is oxidized to sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)), and NOx forms nitric acid (\(HNO_3\)). These reactions, often catalyzed by sunlight, produce highly acidic compounds that fall to Earth as wet or dry deposition, harming ecosystems.

Fluorescent Whitening Agents, also known as optical brightening agents (OBAs), are chemical compounds that enhance the perception of whiteness. They absorb light in the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, which is invisible to the human eye, and re-emit it as light in the blue region of the visible spectrum. This blue light counteracts any residual yellow or cream cast in a material.

The magnetosphere is the region of space surrounding Earth where the planet's magnetic field, rather than the solar wind's magnetic field, is dominant. It is formed by the interaction of the solar wind with Earth's intrinsic magnetic field. This interaction creates a bow shock and deflects most of the charged particles from the Sun, protecting the atmosphere from erosion.

Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, or destroy contaminants in soil and groundwater. This low-cost, solar energy-driven technique is effective for cleaning up sites with low to moderate levels of contamination. Different mechanisms are involved, including phytoextraction (uptake into harvestable plant tissues), phytodegradation (breakdown of contaminants), and phytostabilization (reducing mobility).

In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) is an aggressive remediation technology that involves injecting strong chemical oxidants directly into the contaminated subsurface to destroy pollutants. Common oxidants include permanganate, persulfate, hydrogen peroxide (Fenton's reagent), and ozone. These chemicals react with contaminants, converting them into less toxic substances like carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts, without requiring excavation of the contaminated material.