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Lithium-ion batteries function via an intercalation mechanism, a reversible insertion of ions into a layered host material. During discharge, lithium ions ([latex]Li^+[/latex]) de-intercalate from a negative electrode (anode), typically graphite, and move through a non-aqueous electrolyte to intercalate into a positive electrode (cathode), typically a metal oxide. Electrons travel through the external circuit, creating current.

5S is a workplace organization method that uses a list of five Japanese words: Seiri (Sort), Seiton (Set in Order), Seisō (Shine), Seiketsu (Standardize), and Shitsuke (Sustain). This system aims to improve efficiency and eliminate waste by organizing a workspace for effectiveness. It is a foundational component of Kaizen and lean manufacturing, creating the stable environment necessary for improvement.

Relationship marketing is a strategic approach that shifts the focus from individual transactions to building long-term customer loyalty and engagement. It emphasizes customer retention, satisfaction, and lifetime value over short-term sales goals. Key tactics include customer relationship management (CRM) systems, loyalty programs, and personalized communication, aiming to create a strong, emotional connection between the brand and the customer.

A design philosophy and iterative process where the needs, wants, and limitations of end-users are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process. UCD aims to create products that are highly usable and accessible by involving users throughout the design cycle through research, testing, and feedback, rather than relying solely on designer assumptions.

Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven methodology for eliminating defects in any process – from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service. The statistical representation of Six Sigma describes a process where 99.99966% of all opportunities to produce some feature of a part are statistically expected to be free of defects (3.4 defects per million opportunities).

Gemba (現場) is the Japanese term for 'the actual place.' In management, it refers to the place where value is created, such as the factory floor. Gemba Kaizen is the principle of going to the Gemba to observe the process, engage with workers, and identify opportunities for improvement directly at the source, rather than from a remote office.

ISO 9001 is the world's most recognized standard for Quality Management Systems (QMS). It provides a framework and a set of principles that ensure a common-sense approach to the management of an organization to consistently satisfy customers and other stakeholders. It is based on seven quality management principles, including a strong customer focus and a process-based approach.

To address the inability of different CAD systems to share data, neutral file formats were created. The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES), developed in the late 1970s, was an early attempt. It was later superseded by the more robust and comprehensive STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data, ISO 10303), which can represent full 3D models, assembly structure, and metadata.

Kaizen is a Japanese term meaning "change for the better" or "continuous improvement." It is a core philosophy of lean manufacturing that focuses on making small, ongoing, positive changes to improve processes and eliminate waste. Kaizen involves all employees, from senior management to assembly line workers, fostering a culture where everyone is empowered to suggest and implement improvements.

Successful Takt time implementation requires a highly stable production environment. Common challenges include managing machine downtime, ensuring consistent quality to avoid rework, and balancing lines that produce multiple products with different work contents (mixed-model lines). Without addressing these sources of variability, a Takt-driven system can be brittle and fail to meet demand consistently.

A Single-Electron Transistor (SET) is a switching device that uses controlled electron tunneling to manipulate the flow of single electrons. It consists of a quantum dot (the 'island') coupled to source and drain leads via tunnel junctions, and capacitively coupled to a gate electrode. Its operation relies on the Coulomb blockade effect, enabling extreme sensitivity and low power consumption.

Concurrent engineering, also known as simultaneous engineering, is a design philosophy that emphasizes the parallelization of tasks. Instead of a sequential process where design is completed before manufacturing is considered, it involves a team-based approach where designers, manufacturing engineers, and other stakeholders work together from the outset. This overlap significantly reduces product development time and improves design quality.

The Juran Trilogy, developed by Dr. Joseph M. Juran, is a foundational quality management approach consisting of three interconnected processes: Quality Planning, Quality Control, and Quality Improvement. This framework provides a structured way for organizations to manage for quality. It emphasizes that quality does not happen by accident; it must be planned and managed systematically.

Parametric modeling is a CAD paradigm where designs are defined by parameters and constraints rather than just geometric shapes. Dimensions and relationships between features (e.g., parallelism, tangency) are stored as parameters. Modifying a parameter value automatically updates the entire model, maintaining the defined constraints. This approach facilitates design iteration, automation, and the creation of design families.

B2B business models are often categorized as either vertical or horizontal. A vertical B2B model focuses on a single industry or 'vertical,' providing specialized products and services tailored to that sector's unique needs (e.g., software for dentists). In contrast, a horizontal B2B model offers a product or service that is applicable across multiple industries (e.g., accounting software or office supplies).