Ensayo MTT para medir la viabilidad celular

The alpha-helix ([latex]\alpha[/latex]-helix) is a common secondary structure motif in proteins. It is a right-handed coiled conformation in which every backbone N-H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid located four residues earlier ([latex]i+4 \rightarrow i[/latex] hydrogen bonding). This regular pattern pulls the polypeptide chain into a helical shape.

Insulin is synthesized in pancreatic beta cells as a single-chain precursor called proinsulin. In the endoplasmic reticulum, proinsulin folds and forms its disulfide bonds. It is then transported to the Golgi apparatus and packaged into secretory granules, where proteases (prohormone convertases PC1/3 and PC2, and carboxypeptidase E) cleave it into mature insulin and a connecting peptide, C-peptide.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology involves joining together DNA molecules from two different species. The recombinant DNA is inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations. This is achieved using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites and DNA ligase to join the fragments, often incorporating the desired gene into a plasmid vector for cloning.

Insulin initiates its effects by binding to the insulin receptor (IR), a receptor tyrosine kinase. This binding triggers autophosphorylation of the receptor, creating docking sites for insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. Phosphorylated IRS proteins then activate downstream pathways, primarily the PI3K/Akt pathway, which mediates most of insulin's metabolic effects, including the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

The Calvin cycle, or light-independent reactions, uses the ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent stage to convert inorganic carbon dioxide into organic sugar molecules. This process occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. The key enzyme, RuBisCO, catalyzes the first step: the fixation of [latex]CO_2[/latex] into an organic molecule, initiating a cycle that produces carbohydrates.

Translation is the biological process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins. It follows transcription, where the DNA sequence is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA sequence in three-nucleotide units called codons, and with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA), assembles the corresponding amino acid chain.

SAL es una medida cuantitativa que representa la probabilidad de que un solo microorganismo viable sobreviva en un artículo después de la esterilización. Un SAL comúnmente requerido para los productos sanitarios es de [latex]10^{-6}[/latex], lo que significa una probabilidad entre un millón de que haya una unidad no estéril. Este enfoque probabilístico reconoce que la esterilidad absoluta no puede demostrarse, sólo inferirse estadísticamente a partir de la validación del proceso.

Las células asesinas naturales (NK) son linfocitos citotóxicos del sistema inmunitario innato, esenciales para la defensa temprana contra infecciones virales y cáncer. A diferencia de las células T, no requieren sensibilización previa. Las células NK identifican y destruyen las células diana que han disminuido la expresión de moléculas MHC de clase I —una táctica común de evasión inmunitaria en tumores y virus— mediante un mecanismo de reconocimiento de "auto-falta", que induce apoptosis mediante perforina y granzimas.

La biomímesis es un enfoque innovador que busca soluciones sostenibles a los desafíos humanos emulando los patrones y estrategias de la naturaleza, probados a lo largo del tiempo. La idea central es que la naturaleza, a lo largo de 3.800 millones de años de evolución, ya ha resuelto muchos de los problemas que enfrentamos. Implica observar y aprender de los diseños y procesos de organismos y ecosistemas para crear diseños más sostenibles.