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All the processes, from the raw material to the green tire finally molded and cured. Not many products involve so many different processes and materials in volumes of millions per year.

The technologies involved:

• elastomer, natural rubber & curing
• complex mold technics
• leak-tight and pressure
• metal reinforcing

All that with very high volume production (5 tires per car, summer + winter tires,  +1 car per family …) for sure one of the most produced products worldwide after food production.

The logic here is all the way from the rubber tree to the final finished tire.

Let’s first harvest the rubber

A very good design principle of tires:

To be compared with a 1930 production

Improvements have been

• in the materials
• the assembly of layers
• in the automation replacing handwork

But obviously a continuous improvement rather than a radical breakthrough innovation design concept except suppressing the inner tube

Missing: what about recycling? Please complete or comment on the right

Complementary Readings & Techniques

• Rubber Compounding and Formulation: Blending, vulcanization, and material testing.
• Material Science and Polymers: Polymer synthesis, reinforcement with fillers, and nano-material integration.
• Quality Control in Manufacturing: Statistical process control, defect detection, and non-destructive testing.
• Sustainable and Eco-friendly Practices: Recycling of tire materials, use of bio-based materials, and دورة الحياة assessment.
• Supply Chain Management: Just-in-time inventory, demand forecasting, and logistics optimization.
• Performance Testing and Evaluation: Tread wear analysis, traction testing, and temperature resistance assessments.