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LCA system boundaries define which 生命周期 stages are included in the assessment. A “cradle-to-grave” analysis covers the entire 产品寿命, from raw material extraction through manufacturing, use, and final disposal. In contrast, a “cradle-to-gate” assessment is a partial LCA that ends when the product leaves the factory gate, excluding the use and disposal phases.
The choice of system boundary is a critical decision in the ‘Goal and Scope Definition’ phase of an 生命周期评估 and significantly impacts the results and their applicability. ‘Cradle-to-grave’ is the most comprehensive approach, providing a full picture of a product’s environmental footprint. It is essential for making claims about a product’s overall environmental superiority and for understanding impacts related to consumer behavior and waste management systems. However, it requires more data, especially for the use and end-of-life phases, which can be difficult to obtain and may involve significant assumptions. ‘Cradle-to-gate’ assessments are more common, particularly in B2B contexts where the manufacturer has no control over the product’s downstream life cycle. These studies are useful for comparing materials or intermediate products. Other common system boundaries include ‘cradle-to-cradle’, which assesses a circular economy model where the end-of-life disposal step is a recycling process that makes new products, and ‘gate-to-gate’, which looks at only a single process or manufacturing stage.
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