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碳质生化需氧量(cBOD)和氮质生化需氧量(nBOD)

1940
Laboratory analysis of carbonaceous and nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand in wastewater treatment.

(图片仅供参考)

Total Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the sum of two main processes: Carbonaceous BOD (cBOD) and Nitrogenous BOD (nBOD). cBOD is the oxygen consumed by microorganisms to oxidize organic carbon compounds. nBOD is the oxygen used in the later-stage oxidation of nitrogenous compounds, primarily ammonia (nitrification), by specific autotrophic bacteria. Distinguishing between them is important for advanced wastewater treatment.

The standard 生化需氧量5 test primarily measures cBOD because the nitrifying bacteria responsible for nBOD have a longer lag phase and slower growth rates. Significant nitrification typically begins after 5-8 days of incubation. Therefore, a standard 5-day test may underestimate the total oxygen demand of an effluent rich in ammonia. To measure cBOD exclusively, a nitrification inhibitor (e.g., allylthiourea) is added to the sample, which suppresses the activity of nitrifying bacteria. The resulting measurement is denoted as cBOD5. The nBOD can then be calculated by subtracting the cBOD from the total BOD measured in a parallel, uninhibited sample, often over a longer period (e.g., 20 days). The stoichiometry of nitrification is well-defined: approximately 4.57 mg of O2 每氧化1毫克氨氮生成硝酸盐,就会消耗一定量的氧气。如此高的需氧量使得控制nBOD成为现代废水处理的关键目标,以防止严重的氧气耗尽,并保护受纳水体中的水生生物。

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2501
– Chemistry

类型

化学过程

中断

Incremental

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • 谢尔盖·维诺格拉茨基(19世纪末)发现了硝化作用这一生物过程
  • 理解 微生物 metabolism and respiration
  • 标准BOD测试的开发,揭示了后来用硝化作用解释的差异。
  • 测定氨和硝酸盐浓度的化学方法

应用程序

  • 具有营养物去除阶段的先进废水处理厂设计
  • 评估污水对受纳水体造成氧气消耗的全部潜力
  • 生物反应器中硝化过程的监测与控制
  • 活性污泥系统运行问题的诊断

专利:

NA

潜在创新理念

  • 开发能够专门检测硝化细菌活性的微生物传感器
  • 工程设计新型生物反应器,以优化同步硝化-反硝化(SND)过程
  • 利用基因组工具识别和提高硝化微生物群落的效率
  • 创建基于实时氨传感器读数预测nBOD的模型
  • 设计专门用于最大限度提高硝化过程的处理湿地
  • 开发可选择性地用于控制特定工业过程中硝化作用的抑制剂
  • 利用nBOD测量评估农业径流对环境的影响
  • 根据CBOD和NBOD的单独限值,制定分级水质标准。
  • developing 催化剂 that accelerate ammonia oxidation for industrial water treatment
  • 将nBOD控制集成到从废水中回收氮作为肥料的系统中
Related to: cBOD, nBOD, carbonaceous BOD, nitrogenous BOD, nitrification, wastewater treatment, ammonia, autotrophic bacteria, nutrient removal, allylthiourea.

历史背景

碳质生化需氧量(cBOD)和氮质生化需氧量(nBOD)

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(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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