第三定律指出,当完美晶体的温度接近绝对零度([latex]0[/latex] 开尔文)时,其熵趋近一个恒定的最小值。这个最小值被定义为零。其主要结果是绝对零度不可能在有限的步长内达到。这一定律为确定物质的绝对熵提供了一个基本参考点。.

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第三定律指出,当完美晶体的温度接近绝对零度([latex]0[/latex] 开尔文)时,其熵趋近一个恒定的最小值。这个最小值被定义为零。其主要结果是绝对零度不可能在有限的步长内达到。这一定律为确定物质的绝对熵提供了一个基本参考点。.
The Third Law originated from Walther Nernst’s work on chemical reactions at low temperatures, formulated as the Nernst Heat Theorem in 1906. He observed that the change in entropy for chemical reactions approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero. Max Planck later extended this to state that the entropy of each individual perfect crystalline substance is itself zero at absolute zero. This provides an absolute, rather than relative, scale for entropy.
The law’s novelty lies in its connection between thermodynamics and the quantum-mechanical nature of matter. At absolute zero, a system is in its ground state, which for a perfect crystal is a unique, non-degenerate state, corresponding to zero entropy ([latex]S = k_B \ln(1) = 0[/latex]). Amorphous materials like glass, however, have residual entropy at absolute zero due to their disordered structure. The law also implies that as [latex]T \rightarrow 0[/latex], specific heats ([latex]C_p[/latex], [latex]C_v[/latex]) and the coefficient of thermal expansion also approach zero. The unattainability principle arises because each step in a cooling process removes a smaller and smaller amount of entropy, requiring an infinite number of steps to reach zero entropy.
热力学第三定律
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