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» 热力学第三定律

热力学第三定律

1910
  • Walther Nernst
  • Max Planck
实验室场景,演示低温学中的热力学第三定律。

(图片仅供参考)

第三定律指出,当完美晶体的温度接近绝对零度([latex]0[/latex] 开尔文)时,其熵趋近一个恒定的最小值。这个最小值被定义为零。其主要结果是绝对零度不可能在有限的步长内达到。这一定律为确定物质的绝对熵提供了一个基本参考点。.

The Third Law originated from Walther Nernst’s work on chemical reactions at low temperatures, formulated as the Nernst Heat Theorem in 1906. He observed that the change in entropy for chemical reactions approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero. Max Planck later extended this to state that the entropy of each individual perfect crystalline substance is itself zero at absolute zero. This provides an absolute, rather than relative, scale for entropy.

The law’s novelty lies in its connection between thermodynamics and the quantum-mechanical nature of matter. At absolute zero, a system is in its ground state, which for a perfect crystal is a unique, non-degenerate state, corresponding to zero entropy ([latex]S = k_B \ln(1) = 0[/latex]). Amorphous materials like glass, however, have residual entropy at absolute zero due to their disordered structure. The law also implies that as [latex]T \rightarrow 0[/latex], specific heats ([latex]C_p[/latex], [latex]C_v[/latex]) and the coefficient of thermal expansion also approach zero. The unattainability principle arises because each step in a cooling process removes a smaller and smaller amount of entropy, requiring an infinite number of steps to reach zero entropy.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2212
热力学、统计物理学和凝聚态物质

类型

抽象系统

中断

重大的

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • 第二定律的制定和熵的概念
  • 液化气体(氧气、氮气、氢气)和达到低温的实验进展
  • 路德维希·玻尔兹曼和 J. 威拉德·吉布斯对统计力学的发展
  • the emergence of quantum theory from Max Planck’s work on black-body radiation

应用程序

  • 低温学和低温物理学
  • 计算化学亲和力和反应平衡常数
  • 材料科学,用于了解晶体结构、缺陷和残余熵
  • 研究超导性和超流体性,即在绝对零度附近发生的现象
  • 化学物质绝对熵值的测定

专利:

NA

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Related to: third law, absolute zero, entropy, perfect crystal, Nernst heat theorem, unattainability principle, cryogenics, ground state, quantum mechanics, zero-point energy.

历史背景

热力学第三定律

1902
1907
1909
1910
1911-04-08
1913
1915
1902
1904
1907
1909
1910
1912
1915
1915-11

(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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