细胞呼吸是一系列氧化还原反应,其中有机分子(例如葡萄糖)被氧化以释放能量。葡萄糖(C₆H₁₂O₆)被氧化为二氧化碳(CO₂),而氧气(O₂)被还原为水(H₂O)。该过程通过电子传递链传递电子,产生质子梯度,从而驱动ATP(细胞的主要能量货币)的合成。

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细胞呼吸是一系列氧化还原反应,其中有机分子(例如葡萄糖)被氧化以释放能量。葡萄糖(C₆H₁₂O₆)被氧化为二氧化碳(CO₂),而氧气(O₂)被还原为水(H₂O)。该过程通过电子传递链传递电子,产生质子梯度,从而驱动ATP(细胞的主要能量货币)的合成。
细胞呼吸是葡萄糖受控的多步骤氧化过程。与直接燃烧以热的形式爆炸性地释放能量不同,细胞通过糖酵解、克雷布斯循环(柠檬酸循环)和氧化磷酸化逐步分解葡萄糖。在这个级联反应中,电子从葡萄糖及其中间产物中被剥离,并转移到电子载体,如NAD⁺和FAD,从而将它们还原为NADH和FADH₂。
These reduced coenzymes then donate their high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons are passed down the chain, they move to successively lower energy levels. The final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen, which is highly electronegative and is reduced to form water. The energy released during this electron transfer is used to pump protons ([latex]H^+[/latex]) from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, establishing an electrochemical gradient. This proton-motive force is a form of stored energy. The flow of protons back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase powers the synthesis of large amounts of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, a process called chemiosmosis.
细胞呼吸中的氧化还原
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