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FMEA is a systematic, bottom-up, inductive 方法 for identifying potential failure modes in a system, product, or process. For each failure mode, it assesses the potential effects or consequences, their severity, likelihood of occurrence, and the ability to detect them. The goal is to prioritize and mitigate high-risk failure modes before they occur.
FMEA 是最早的结构化可靠性分析技术之一。它涉及一个跨职能团队，集思广益，找出组件或流程步骤可能出现的所有故障方式（故障模式）。对于每种模式，团队会识别其对系统、客户或环境的潜在影响。然后，通常会根据三个因素（例如，1 到 10）进行评级：影响的严重程度 (S)、原因的发生率 (O) 以及在故障影响客户之前发现故障的概率 (D)。
These three scores are multiplied to calculate a Risk Priority Number (RPN), where [latex]RPN = S \times O \times D[/latex]. A high RPN indicates a high-risk failure mode that requires immediate attention. The team then develops and implements corrective actions to reduce the RPN, typically by improving the design to lower the Occurrence or by adding controls to improve Detection.
A key variant is the Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), which extends FMEA by including a quantitative criticality analysis based on the probability of the failure mode and the severity of its consequences. FMEA is a living document, continuously updated as designs change, new data becomes available, or processes are improved.
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