» 质量守恒

质量守恒

1757
流体动力学实验室,工程师分析管道中的流动,强调质量守恒原理。

In continuum 力学, the principle of mass conservation states that the mass of a closed system must remain constant over time. For a fluid, this is expressed by the continuity equation. In its Eulerian differential form, it is written as [乳胶]\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf{u}) = 0[/latex], where [latex]\rho[/latex] is the density and [latex]\mathbf{u}[/latex] is the velocity field.

The conservation of mass is a fundamental principle in physics, and its mathematical formulation within continuum mechanics is known as the continuity equation. This equation provides a precise statement about how the density of a material changes in space and time. The equation [latex]\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf{u}) = 0[/latex] applies at every point within the continuum. The term [latex]\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}[/latex] represents the rate of change of density at a fixed point (the local or unsteady term), while the term [latex]\nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf{u})[/latex] is the divergence of the mass flux ([latex]\rho \mathbf{u}[/latex]), representing the net rate of mass flowing out of an infinitesimal volume around that point.

The equation essentially states that if the density at a point is increasing, it must be because more mass is flowing into the infinitesimal volume than is flowing out, and vice versa. For a special case known as an incompressible flow, the density [latex]\rho[/latex] of a fluid parcel is assumed to be constant as it moves. In this case, the continuity equation simplifies significantly to [latex]\nabla \cdot \mathbf{u} = 0[/latex]. This simplified form is widely used in modeling liquids like water and in low-speed aerodynamics. The continuity equation is one of the core governing equations, alongside the conservation of momentum and energy, used in virtually all analyses in fluid dynamics and solid mechanics.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209
- 流体动力学

类型

物理法

中断

基础

使用方法

广泛使用

前体

  • 物质守恒定律的哲学原理
  • 向量微积分和散度定理的发展
  • Leonhard Euler’s formulation of fluid motion equations
  • Daniel Bernoulli’s work on fluid dynamics

应用

  • 设计管道和暖通空调系统以确保适当的流速
  • 航空航天工程,用于计算飞机周围空气密度变化
  • 用于模拟河流流量和地下水运动的水文学
  • 根据气团运动预测天气模式的气象学

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Related to: continuity equation, conservation of mass, fluid dynamics, density, velocity field, incompressible flow, divergence, mass flux.

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