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阿伏伽德罗常数

1909
  • Jean Baptiste Perrin
化学家在实验室中测量物质质量,用于物理化学应用。

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阿伏伽德罗 constant, [latex]N_A[/latex], represents the number of constituent particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in one mole of a substance. It is a fundamental physical constant with an exact, defined value of [latex]6.02214076 \times 10^{23} text{ mol}^{-1}[/latex]. This constant provides the essential link between the macroscopic scale of moles and the microscopic world of individual particles, underpinning quantitative chemistry.

虽然阿梅代奥·阿伏伽德罗提出了摩尔概念的原理,但他从未确定以他的名字命名的常数的值。第一位估算出给定体积气体中粒子数量的科学家是约翰·约瑟夫·洛施密特,他于1865年基于气体动力学理论。因此,在德语国家,该常数有时被称为洛施密特常数,尽管现在该术语通常指单位体积内的粒子数。

The name ‘Avogadro’s number’ or ‘Avogadro constant’ was coined by French physicist Jean Perrin in 1909. Perrin’s experiments on Brownian motion—the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid—provided a more accurate determination of its value and earned him the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics. For over a century, the value was refined through various experimental methods. However, on May 20, 2019, as part of the redefinition of SI base units, the Avogadro constant was assigned a fixed, exact numerical value. This act fundamentally changed the definition of the mole, which is now defined as containing exactly [latex]6.02214076 times 10^{23}[/latex] elementary entities, rather than being based on the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209
- 物理化学

类型

抽象系统

中断

基础

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • 阿伏伽德罗定律(1811年)
  • 气体动力学理论
  • johann josef loschmidt’s work on estimating molecular size (1865)
  • albert einstein’s theoretical work on brownian motion (1905)

应用程序

  • 计算单个原子或分子的质量
  • 确定给定质量的物质中的粒子数
  • 物理化学和固体物理学的基础计算
  • 质谱校准
  • 辐射物理学中的剂量测定

专利:

NA

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Related to: Avogadro constant, Avogadro’s number, mole, NA, jean perrin, si units, fundamental constant, physical chemistry, loschmidt constant, particle count.

历史背景

阿伏伽德罗常数

1902
1902
1907
1909
1910
1911-04-08
1913
1900-12-14
1902
1904
1907
1909
1910
1912
1915

(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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