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आवोगाद्रो स्थिरांक

1909
  • Jean Baptiste Perrin
भौतिक रसायनशास्त्र अनुप्रयोगों के लिए प्रयोगशाला में पदार्थ के द्रव्यमान को मापता हुआ रसायनज्ञ।.

(यह छवि केवल उदाहरण के लिए बनाई गई है)

एवोगेड्रो constant, [latex]N_A[/latex], represents the number of constituent particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in one mole of a substance. It is a fundamental physical constant with an exact, defined value of [latex]6.02214076 \times 10^{23} text{ mol}^{-1}[/latex]. This constant provides the essential link between the macroscopic scale of moles and the microscopic world of individual particles, underpinning quantitative chemistry.

While Amedeo Avogadro proposed the principle that led to the mole concept, he never determined the value of the constant that bears his name. The first scientist to estimate the number of particles in a given volume of gas was Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1865, based on the kinetic theory of gases. For this reason, the constant is sometimes referred to as the Loschmidt constant in German-speaking countries, although that term now typically refers to the number of particles per unit volume.

The name ‘Avogadro’s number’ or ‘Avogadro constant’ was coined by French physicist Jean Perrin in 1909. Perrin’s experiments on Brownian motion—the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid—provided a more accurate determination of its value and earned him the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics. For over a century, the value was refined through various experimental methods. However, on May 20, 2019, as part of the redefinition of SI base units, the Avogadro constant was assigned a fixed, exact numerical value. This act fundamentally changed the definition of the mole, which is now defined as containing exactly [latex]6.02214076 times 10^{23}[/latex] elementary entities, rather than being based on the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209
भौतिक रसायन विज्ञान

Type

सार प्रणाली

व्यवधान

मूलभूत

उपयोग

व्यापक उपयोग

शगुन

  • avogadro’s law (1811)
  • kinetic theory of gases
  • johann josef loschmidt’s work on estimating molecular size (1865)
  • albert einstein’s theoretical work on brownian motion (1905)

आवेदन

  • calculating the mass of a single atom or molecule
  • determining the number of particles in a given mass of a substance
  • fundamental calculations in physical chemistry and solid-state physics
  • calibration in mass spectrometry
  • dosimetry in radiation physics

पेटेंट:

NA

संभावित नवाचार विचार

बॉट ट्रैफिक को कम करने के कारण, जो वर्तमान में प्रति दिन 40,000 से अधिक है, यह सामग्री केवल समुदाय के सदस्यों के लिए आरक्षित है।
> लॉगिन < या > रजिस्टर < इस सामग्री और अन्य सभी प्रतिबंधित सामग्रियों और उपकरणों तक पहुंच (100% निःशुल्क) है।

Related to: Avogadro constant, Avogadro’s number, mole, NA, jean perrin, si units, fundamental constant, physical chemistry, loschmidt constant, particle count.

ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ

आवोगाद्रो स्थिरांक

1902
1902
1907
1909
1910
1911-04-08
1913
1900-12-14
1902
1904
1907
1909
1910
1912
1915

(यदि तिथि अज्ञात है या प्रासंगिक नहीं है, उदाहरण के लिए "द्रव यांत्रिकी", तो इसके उल्लेखनीय उद्भव का एक अनुमानित आंकड़ा प्रदान किया गया है)

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पंजीकृत सदस्यों के लिए पूर्ण आकार की छवियाँ और डाउनलोड 100% निःशुल्क उपलब्ध हैं।