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Passive solar design is a building design strategy that uses a building’s components—walls, floors, windows, and orientation—to collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. Unlike active solar heating systems, it does not involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.
Passive solar design relies on five key principles. The first is the aperture (or collector), which consists of large glass areas (windows, skylights) oriented to face the sun’s path, typically south in the Northern Hemisphere. These allow sunlight to enter the building. The second principle is the absorber, which involves hard, darkened surfaces on the sun-exposed side of a thermal mass. These surfaces absorb the incoming solar radiation and convert it into heat.
The third principle is thermal mass, which is a material with the capacity to store significant amounts of heat. Materials like concrete, 砖, stone, and water are commonly used. The thermal mass is positioned to be irradiated by the sunlight entering through the aperture. It absorbs excess heat during the day and slowly releases it into the space at night, moderating internal temperature fluctuations.
第四个原则是分配，即太阳热量从收集点和储存点循环到建筑物不同区域的方式。这可以通过自然对流、传导和辐射来实现。例如，暖空气上升并通过高通风口循环，而较冷的空气则通过低通风口吸入。
最后一个原则是控制。这涉及到管理阳光影响的机制，尤其是防止夏季过热。屋檐、遮阳篷、百叶窗和落叶乔木是常见的控制元素。它们旨在阻挡夏季高角度的阳光，同时允许冬季低角度的阳光穿透建筑物。
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