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粘度的温度依赖性

1850

（图片仅供参考）

对于牛顿流体而言，粘度是温度的函数，压力但剪切速率并非如此。在液体中，粘度随温度升高而显著降低，因为更高的热能使分子更容易克服分子间内聚力。相反，在气体中，粘度随温度升高而增加，因为更频繁、速度更高的分子碰撞导致更大的动量传递。

The relationship between 粘度 and temperature is fundamentally different for liquids and gases, stemming from their distinct molecular mechanisms for momentum transfer. In liquids, molecules are closely packed and held together by strong intermolecular cohesive forces. Viscous forces arise from the resistance of these molecules to sliding past one another. As temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, allowing them to overcome these cohesive forces more readily. This results in a decrease in the liquid’s resistance to flow, and thus, a lower viscosity. This effect is pronounced; for example, the viscosity of water decreases by a factor of about 6 between 0°C and 100°C.

在气体中，分子间距较大，主要通过碰撞相互作用。气体粘度是衡量以不同速度运动的层间动量传递的指标。这种动量是通过分子在层间移动和碰撞而传递的。随着温度升高，气体分子的随机热速度也会增大。这会导致碰撞更频繁、更剧烈，从而提高层间动量传递的效率，最终导致粘度增加。这一现象是气体动力学理论早期的一大成就，因为它是一个反直觉的预测，后来被实验证实。

化学气相沉积（CVD）, 环境影响, 流体力学, Geothermal Energy, 流程优化, Rheology, Thermal Aging

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2212

– Thermodynamics

类型

Physical Property

中断

重大的

用法

广泛使用

前体

温度计的开发
鲁道夫·克劳修斯和詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦关于气体动力学理论的工作
约翰内斯·迪德里克对分子间作用力的研究范德华力
泊肃叶和哈根早期的流体流动实验

应用程序

发动机油配方（多级油）
工业热交换器
玻璃制造和成型
食品加工（例如控制巧克力或蜂蜜的流动）
地热能开采

专利：

潜在创新理念

用于触觉反馈的温度响应智能流体
电子产品自调节冷却系统
采用充气板的先进隔热技术
在高温下保持性能的地热钻井液
用于热能存储的相变材料
低温 fluid handling systems for 太空探索
使用温度敏感泡沫的灭火系统
通过温度精确控制食物质地的烹饪器具

相关内容：粘度、温度依赖性、液体、气体、动力学理论、分子间作用力、动量传递、流体性质。

历史背景

Solar panel installation demonstrating the photovoltaic effect in solid state physics.

光伏效应

光伏效应是指材料在光照下产生电压和电流。它是一种物理和化学现象。太阳能电池就是一个常见的应用，它利用光伏效应将阳光直接转化为电能。光伏效应的原理是光子激发电子进入更高的能量状态。

19th century laboratory with thermodynamic instruments and Mayer's relation equations.

Mayer’s Relation (thermodynamics)

Mayer's relation connects the specific heats of a perfect gas to the specific gas constant ([latex]R_s[/latex]). The relation is [latex]c_p - c_v = R_s[/latex]. For molar specific heats ([latex]C_p[/latex] and [latex]C_v[/latex]), the relation is [latex]C_p - C_v = R[/latex], where [latex]R[/latex] is the universal gas constant. This shows that [latex]c_p[/latex] is always greater than [latex]c_v[/latex].

19th-century laboratory with physicists studying energy conservation principles.

能量守恒

A fundamental principle stating that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another, such as from potential to kinetic energy. In classical mechanics, for systems with only conservative forces, the total mechanical energy [latex]E = T + V[/latex] is conserved.

粘度的温度依赖性

Laboratory experiment demonstrating the First Law of Thermodynamics with a heat engine setup.

热力学第一定律

The First Law is a statement of the conservation of energy. It posits that the change in a closed system's internal energy ([latex]\Delta U[/latex]) is equal to the heat supplied to the system ([latex]Q[/latex]) minus the work done by the system on its surroundings ([latex]W[/latex]). The governing equation is [latex]\Delta U = Q - W[/latex]. This law links heat, work, and internal energy, establishing heat as a form of energy transfer.

Chemist conducting experiments with catalysts in a vintage laboratory setting, 1850.

化学平衡催化剂

催化剂通过提供活化能较低的替代反应途径，平等地提高正向和逆向反应的速率。虽然催化剂可以使体系更快地达到平衡，但它不会改变平衡本身的位置。反应物和产物的平衡浓度以及平衡常数K的值保持不变。

19th-century chemist measuring gas volumes illustrating the Ideal Gas Law in thermodynamics.

理想气体定律（摩尔形式）

The ideal gas law is the equation of state for a hypothetical ideal gas, approximating the behavior of many gases under various conditions. The molar form relates pressure ([latex]P[/latex]), volume ([latex]V[/latex]), amount of substance in moles ([latex]n[/latex]), and absolute temperature ([latex]T[/latex]) via the universal gas constant ([latex]R[/latex]): [latex]PV = nRT[/latex].

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Early fuel cell apparatus by William Grove, showcasing electrochemical principles in physical chemistry.

燃料电池

燃料电池是一种电化学装置，它能直接将燃料（通常是氢气）和氧化剂（通常是氧气）的化学能转化为电能。与电池不同，燃料电池需要持续的外部燃料和氧化剂供应才能工作。其核心部件包括阳极、阴极和电解质，电解质将阳极和阴极分隔开来，促进离子传输。

Demonstration of Joule heating in a vintage laboratory with electric appliances.

焦耳热和电力

Joule heating, or ohmic heating, is the phenomenon where heat is produced by an electric current passing through a conductor. The rate of heat generation, or power dissipated ([latex]P[/latex]), is given by Joule's first law, [latex]P = VI[/latex]. By combining this with Ohm's law, the power can be expressed as [latex]P = I^2 R[/latex] or [latex]P = \frac{V^2}{R}[/latex].

Laboratory apparatus for measuring internal energy and enthalpy of a perfect gas in thermodynamics.

理想气体的内能和焓

For a perfect gas, the internal energy ([latex]U[/latex]) and enthalpy ([latex]H[/latex]) are functions of temperature only. Their changes are given by [latex]\Delta U = m c_v \Delta T[/latex] and [latex]\Delta H = m c_p \Delta T[/latex], where [latex]c_v[/latex] and [latex]c_p[/latex] are the specific heats at constant volume and pressure, respectively, and are assumed to be constant.

Researcher testing viscoelastic properties of synthetic polymer in a laboratory.

粘弹性

粘弹性是指材料在变形时同时表现出粘性和弹性的特性。粘性材料（例如蜂蜜）在施加应力时，能够抵抗剪切流，并且应变随时间呈线性变化。弹性材料（例如橡皮筋）在拉伸时会变形，一旦应力消除就会迅速恢复到原始状态。粘弹性材料兼具这两种特性。

Scientist measuring sublimation in a vintage laboratory, thermodynamics study.

升华焓

The enthalpy of sublimation, [latex]\Delta H_{\text{sub}}[/latex], is the heat required to convert one mole of a substance from solid to gas at a given temperature and pressure. According to Hess's Law, since enthalpy is a state function, this energy change is the sum of the enthalpy of fusion ([latex]\Delta H_{\text{fus}}[/latex]) and the enthalpy of vaporization ([latex]\Delta H_{\text{vap}}[/latex]).