外国人英语——避免英国陷阱

The Gantt chart is a bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. It lists tasks vertically and time intervals horizontally. Horizontal bars show the start and finish dates of the project elements, along with their duration. The chart visualizes dependencies between tasks and tracks the current schedule status, showing what percentage of each task is complete.

The Critical Path Method (sometimes referred as CPM, confusing in many domains) is a methodology for scheduling project activities. It identifies the longest stretch of dependent tasks (the 'critical path') and measures the time required to complete them from start to finish. Any delay in a task on the critical path directly impacts the project's completion date -targeted parameter here is date, not cost, nor quality, nor resources, although none of these are independent-. It helps consequently in resource allocation and schedule optimization.

4P 框架是市场营销的基础模型，它对企业用于推广其品牌或产品的关键要素进行了分类。它包括产品（商品或服务）、价格（消费者的成本）、地点（销售地点）和促销（广告和销售活动）。公司控制这四个变量来影响消费者需求。

Kaizen 是一个日语术语，意为“变得更好”或“持续改进”。它是精益制造的核心理念，注重通过持续的小规模积极变革来改进流程并消除浪费。Kaizen 涉及所有员工，从高级管理层到流水线工人，旨在营造一种人人都有权提出改进建议并实施改进措施的文化。

“重磅药物”是指每年能为制造商创造超过10亿美元销售额的药品。这种商业模式历来推动着制药行业的发展，专注于常见慢性疾病的研发，以最大限度地提高专利保护收入。这些收入将用于进一步研发新药，从而形成创新和高利润的循环。

Gemba（現場）在日语中意为“实际地点”。在管理学中，它指的是创造价值的场所，例如工厂车间。Gemba Kaizen 是指前往现场观察流程、与工人互动，并在源头而非远程办公室直接发现改进机会的原则。

Six Sigma implementation involves a hierarchy of certified professionals, designated by colored "belts" similar to martial arts. Key roles include Master Black Belts, who mentor and train; Black Belts, who lead complex improvement projects; Green Belts, who lead smaller projects as part of their regular duties; and Yellow Belts, who have basic training and participate on project teams.

“升级再造”一词最早由德国工程师雷纳·皮尔茨于1994年在接受记者桑顿·凯采访时提出。皮尔茨将其与“降级再造”（down-cycling，将材料转化为质量较差的产品）进行了对比。他将升级再造描述为一个让旧产品价值提升而非贬低的过程，强调了我们需要以全新的视角看待废旧材料。

营销理念是一种商业哲学，认为实现组织目标取决于了解目标市场的需求和愿望，并比竞争对手更有效、更高效地提供所需的满足感。它代表着从以产品为中心（“制造和销售”）到以客户为中心（“感知和响应”）的转变，将客户置于所有商业决策的核心。

A Work Breakdown Structure (sometimes abbreviated WBS) is a key project deliverable that organizes the team's work into manageable sections. It is a hierarchical and incremental decomposition of the project into phases, deliverables, and work packages. The WBS is a tree structure that shows a subdivision of effort required to achieve an objective, such as a program, project, or contract.

The Project Management Triangle, also known as the Triple Constraint or Iron Triangle, is a model of the constraints inherent in managing a project. It states that the quality of work is constrained by the project's budget (cost), deadlines (time), and scope. A change in one constraint necessitates changes in the others to maintain quality and equilibrium.

5S 是一种工作场所组织方法，它使用了五个日语单词：整理（Seiri）、整顿（Seiton）、清扫（Seisō）、清洁（Seiketsu）和素养（Shitsuke）。该系统旨在通过高效地组织工作空间来提高效率并消除浪费。它是改善（Kaizen）和精益制造的基础，旨在创造改进所需的稳定环境。

关系营销是一种战略方法，它将重点从单笔交易转移到建立长期客户忠诚度和参与度。它强调客户保留率、满意度和终身价值，而非短期销售目标。关键策略包括客户关系管理 (CRM) 系统、忠诚度计划和个性化沟通，旨在在品牌和客户之间建立牢固的情感联系。

脱媒是将中间商从供应链中剔除，从而将生产商与消费者直接联系起来的经济过程。在 DTC 领域，这意味着绕过传统的批发商、分销商和实体零售商。这种结构性变化使品牌能够获取原本属于中间商的利润空间，同时还能直接控制其产品进入市场的过程和表现形式。