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Irradiação germicida ultravioleta (UVGI)

1900
  • Niels Ryberg Finsen
UV Germicidal Irradiation system in a laboratory for microbial disinfection.

(Imagem gerada apenas para fins ilustrativos)

A irradiação germicida ultravioleta (UVGI) utiliza comprimentos de onda curtos. ultravioleta C (UVC) radiation, typically at 254 nm, to kill or inactivate microorganisms. UVC light disrupts the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, destroying their ability to replicate and cause disease. This non-chemical disinfection method is used for air, water, and surface sterilization.

The germicidal properties of UVC radiation are centered around its ability to be absorbed by the nucleic acids of microorganisms. The peak germicidal effectiveness occurs at a wavelength of approximately 265 nm, which corresponds to the peak absorption wavelength of DNA. Commercially available low-pressure mercury vapor lamps, which are the most common source for UVGI, emit monochromatically at 253.7 nm, which is very close to this peak and highly effective. When a UVC photon is absorbed by a DNA or RNA molecule, it can induce the formation of pyrimidine dimers, most commonly thymine dimers. These dimers are covalent bonds between adjacent pyrimidine bases (thymine or cytosine) on the same DNA strand. This structural damage prevents the DNA from being correctly read during replication or transcription, effectively rendering the microorganism sterile and unable to reproduce. While microorganisms have cellular mechanisms to repair such DNA damage, the high intensity of UVGI overwhelms these repair systems. UVGI is a physical process, not a chemical one, meaning it does not introduce toxins or residues. Its effectiveness depends on the UV dose, which is a product of intensity and exposure time, as well as factors like humidity, temperature, and the microorganism’s susceptibility. Its primary limitation is that it is a line-of-sight technology; UV light cannot disinfect areas in shadow.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2415
Microbiologia

Tipo

Processo físico

Interrupção

Substancial

Uso

Uso generalizado

Precursores

  • A teoria microbiana das doenças de Louis Pasteur
  • Descoberta da radiação UVC como parte do espectro UV
  • Desenvolvimento da lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio
  • Pesquisas de Downes e Blunt (1877) mostram que a luz solar inibe o crescimento bacteriano.

Aplicações

  • desinfecção do ar e das superfícies hospitalares
  • tratamento de água municipal
  • sistemas de purificação de ar HVAC
  • processamento de alimentos e bebidas
  • esterilização laboratorial
  • tratamento de águas residuais

Patentes:

NA

Ideias de Inovação Potencial

  • portable, battery-powered uvc wands for sanitizing personal items like phones and keyboards
  • uvc-leds integrated into escalator handrails for continuous disinfection
  • autonomous robots that map and disinfect rooms in hospitals and airports overnight
  • uvc-enabled hvac systems that actively sterilize air as it circulates through a building
  • uvc treatment systems for ballast water in ships to prevent the spread of invasive aquatic species
  • smart water bottles with a uvc-led in the cap to purify water from any source
  • uvc-coated high-touch surfaces (e.g., door handles) that are self-disinfecting
  • integration of uvc emitters into 3d printers to sterilize implantes médicos during fabrication
  • uvc drones for disinfecting large outdoor public spaces or agricultural fields
  • uvc light fixtures for public restrooms that activate when the room is unoccupied
Relacionado a: UVGI, UVC, germicida, desinfecção, esterilização, danos ao DNA, dímeros de timina, microbiologia, tratamento de água, purificação do ar.

Contexto histórico

Irradiação germicida ultravioleta (UVGI)

1800
1800-05-02
1880
1900
1910
1921
1930
1930
1800
1834-01-01
1880
1902
1920
1928
1930

(Caso a data seja desconhecida ou irrelevante, por exemplo, "mecânica dos fluidos", é fornecida uma estimativa aproximada de seu surgimento notável)

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