A classic illustration of the Monte Carlo method is estimating the value of [latex]\pi[/latex]. By inscribing a circle of radius [latex]r[/latex] within a square of side length [latex]2r[/latex], the ratio of their areas is [latex]\frac{\pi r^2}{(2r)^2} = \frac{\pi}{4}[/latex]. Randomly scattering points within the square and counting the fraction [latex]p[/latex] that fall inside the circle provides an estimate: [latex]\pi \approx 4p[/latex].
