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Proteção catódica

1824
  • Humphry Davy
Electrochemical cell experiment for cathodic protection by Humphry Davy.

(Imagem gerada apenas para fins ilustrativos)

Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. This is achieved by supplying an external electrical current that suppresses the natural corrosion currents. The protected metal’s potential is polarized to a more negative value, shifting it into a region of immunity or passivity.

There are two primary methods of applying cathodic protection. The first is the Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection (GACP) system, which uses sacrificial anodes. In this method, a more electrochemically active metal (like zinc, aluminum, or magnesium) is electrically connected to the protected metal (e.g., steel). The active metal becomes the anode and corrodes preferentially, ‘sacrificing’ itself to protect the steel structure, which becomes the cathode. This system is simple, requires no external power, but the anodes must be periodically replaced.

The second method is the Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) system. This involves using an external DC power source (like a transformer-rectifier) to impress a current from an inert anode (such as high-silicon cast iron or mixed metal oxide) through the electrolyte onto the structure to be protected. The structure is forced to be the cathode, and corrosion is mitigated. ICCP systems can protect much larger structures and are adjustable, but they are more complex and require a continuous power supply and monitoring.

The effectiveness of a CP system is monitored by measuring the structure-to-electrolyte potential. A sufficient negative shift in potential indicates that protection is being achieved. This technique effectively halts most forms of electrochemical corrosion by overpowering the natural corrosion cells on the metal’s surface.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2203
Eletroquímica

Tipo

Processo Químico

Interrupção

Substancial

Uso

Uso generalizado

Precursores

  • A invenção de Alessandro Volta do pilha voltaica (1800)
  • Understanding of the electrochemical nature of corrosion
  • Michael Faraday’s laws of electrolysis (1834)

Aplicações

  • protecting steel pipelines for oil, gas, and water
  • preserving the hulls of ships and offshore platforms
  • reinforcing steel in concrete structures (rebar)
  • water heaters and storage tanks

Patentes:

NA

Ideias de Inovação Potencial

  • solar-powered iccp systems for remote pipelines
  • smart cp systems with remote monitoring and automated current adjustment via iot sensors
  • drones equipped with potential measurement tools for inspecting large structures
  • conductive polymer coatings that act as distributed anodes for uniform current distribution
  • cp systems for protecting electronics in harsh environments
  • bio-compatible cp systems for long-term implantes médicos
  • hybrid cp systems that combine galvanic anodes for backup with an iccp primary system
  • cp-integrated coatings that signal when the underlying protection system is failing
Related to: cathodic protection, corrosion control, sacrificial anode, impressed current, electrochemistry, pipeline, ship hull, rebar.

Contexto histórico

Proteção catódica

1820
1820
1822
1824
1827
1831
1831
1820
1820
1821
1822
1827
1829
1831
1831

(Caso a data seja desconhecida ou irrelevante, por exemplo, "mecânica dos fluidos", é fornecida uma estimativa aproximada de seu surgimento notável)

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