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気体の臨界温度

1869
  • Thomas Andrews
熱力学における気体の臨界温度を示す19世紀の実験室風景。.

(画像はイメージです)

臨界温度とは、印加される圧力に関係なく、明確な液相が形成されない温度のことである。 プレッシャー. Each gas has a unique critical temperature. To liquefy a gas, it must first be cooled below this temperature. This concept, established by Thomas Andrews, is fundamental to understanding the conditions required for any liquefaction プロセス。

Thomas Andrews’ experiments in the 1860s on carbon dioxide were pivotal. He meticulously measured its pressure-volume-temperature (P-V-T) relationships and discovered that above approximately 30.98 °C (304.1 K), CO2 could not be liquefied no matter how much pressure was applied. He termed this the ‘critical temperature.’ Below this temperature, increasing the pressure on the gas would eventually cause it to condense into a liquid. At the critical temperature itself, the gas transitions into a liquid at a specific ‘critical pressure’ and ‘critical volume,’ a state known as the critical point. At this point, the densities of the liquid and gas phases become equal, and the meniscus separating them disappears. The substance becomes a supercritical fluid, possessing properties of both a gas and a liquid. This discovery was crucial because it explained why earlier attempts by scientists like Faraday to liquefy gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen had failed; they were not cooling the gases below their respective, much lower, critical temperatures, a prerequisite for liquefaction by compression.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2212
熱力学

タイプ

物理原理

混乱

基礎

使用法

広く普及している

前駆物質

  • ボイルの法則(圧力と体積の関係)
  • シャルルの法則(体積と温度の関係)
  • アマガットによる高圧下での気体圧縮率に関する実験
  • Michael Faraday’s earlier, partially successful attempts at gas liquefaction

アプリケーション

  • 天然ガスの液化(LNG)
  • 工業用および医療用液体酸素および液体窒素の製造
  • 冷凍・空調システム
  • 超臨界流体抽出(例:コーヒーのカフェイン除去)
  • 超臨界流体クロマトグラフィー

特許:

NA

潜在的なイノベーションのアイデア

  • miniaturized supercritical fluid reactors for nanoparticle synthesis
  • advanced 極低温 propellant management for long-duration space missions
  • supercritical fluid-based systems for recycling complex plastics
  • high-pressure food preservation using supercritical CO2
  • geothermal energy extraction using supercritical fluids as a working medium
  • development of novel solvents for green chemistry applications
  • cryopreservation techniques using controlled phase transitions
  • supercritical fluid chromatography for pharmaceutical purification
  • enhanced oil recovery techniques using supercritical CO2 injection
  • compact cooling systems for high-performance electronics based on phase change
関連キーワード:臨界温度、相転移、液化、トーマス・アンドリュース、臨界点、気体、液体、圧力、熱力学、超臨界流体。

歴史的背景

気体の臨界温度

1860
1861
1865
1869
1871
1876
1877
1859
1861
1865
1868
1870
1873
1877
1880

(日付が不明または関連性がない場合、例えば「流体力学」などでは、その注目すべき出現時期の概算値が提示されます。)

10年目 周年

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