US Fire Classification System (NFPA 10)

The NFPA 10 standard provides a foundational framework for fire safety in the United States. Its primary purpose is to simplify the selection of the correct extinguishing agent for a given fire, preventing the user from inadvertently making the situation worse. For example, using a water-based (Class A) extinguisher on a flammable liquid fire (Class B) could spread the burning fuel, and using it on an electrical fire (Class C) could lead to electrocution.

Each class corresponds to specific extinguishing methods. Class A fires are typically extinguished by the cooling effect of water or by smothering with dry chemicals. Class B fires require agents that cut off the oxygen supply, such as carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam. Class C fires require a non-conductive agent like carbon dioxide or a dry chemical; the primary goal is to de-energize the circuit before tackling the fire as a Class A or B. Class D fires need special dry powder agents that smother the fire without reacting with the burning metal. Class K, established in 1998 for commercial kitchens, uses wet chemical agents that cool the fire and produce a soapy foam layer (saponification) to prevent re-ignition of hot grease.

This classification system is visually represented by pictograms on fire extinguishers—a green triangle for A, a red square for B, a blue circle for C, a yellow star for D, and a black hexagon for K—making identification quick and intuitive during an emergency.