Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation

Formal verification is the use of mathematical methods to prove or disprove the correctness of a system's design with respect to a formal specification. Unlike testing, which can only show the presence of bugs for specific inputs, formal verification can prove their absence for all possible inputs. It involves creating a formal model of the system and using techniques like model checking or theorem proving.

Signal detection is the process of identifying potential causal relationships between a drug and an adverse event from large datasets, typically spontaneous reporting systems. It uses statistical methods, known as disproportionality analysis, to find drug-event combinations reported more frequently than expected. A common measure is the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), a value greater than one suggesting a potential signal that requires further investigation.

Verification and validation (V&V) are distinct processes. Verification ensures a product meets its specified requirements ("Are you building it right?"). Validation ensures the product meets the user's actual needs and intended use ("Are you building the right thing?"). They are complementary activities within quality management, often performed sequentially or in parallel to ensure both correctness and usefulness.

The repeatability limit, \(r\), is a critical value derived from the repeatability standard deviation (\(s_r\)). It represents the maximum expected absolute difference between two single test results, obtained under repeatability conditions, with a 95% probability. It is commonly calculated as \(r = 2.8 \times s_r\). If the difference exceeds \(r\), the results are considered suspect.