Hogar » Fundamental Definition of Pressure

Fundamental Definition of Pressure

1650
17th-century laboratory measuring pressure with a manometer in fluid mechanics.

Pressure is defined as the perpendicular force ([latex]F[/latex]) applied to the surface of an object per unit area ([latex]A[/latex]) over which that force is distributed. The formula is [latex]p = \frac{F}{A}[/latex]. It is a scalar quantity, meaning it has magnitude but no direction. The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa), equivalent to one newton per square meter.

The concept of pressure evolved from early studies of mechanics and fluids. While earlier thinkers like Archimedes understood buoyancy, the formal quantification of pressure as force per unit area was crystallized during the 17th century through the work of scientists like Evangelista Torricelli and Blaise Pascal. Pressure is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and mecánica de fluidos. It is an intensive property, meaning it does not depend on the size of the system. In a static fluid, pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above. This is the principle behind manometers and barometers. For gases, pressure is understood at a microscopic level as the average force from molecular collisions on the container walls. This kinetic theory of gases connects the macroscopic property of pressure to the microscopic behavior of atoms and molecules. The formula [latex]p = frac{F}{A}[/latex] is a macroscopic definition. For a force applied at an angle [latex]theta[/latex] to the surface normal, the formula becomes [latex]p = frac{F costheta}{A}[/latex]. In continuum mechanics, pressure is often represented as the isotropic part of the estrés tensor, which describes the forces internal to a continuous material. This more advanced view allows for the analysis of pressure in solids and complex fluid flows where forces are not uniform or perpendicular. Understanding pressure is critical for designing everything from aircraft wings, which rely on pressure differentials for lift, to deep-sea submersibles built to withstand immense external pressure.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209
- Mecánica

Tipo

Sistema abstracto

Disrupción

Fundacional

Utilización

Uso generalizado

Precursores

  • Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy
  • Galileo Galilei’s work on mechanics and gravity
  • Evangelista Torricelli’s invention of the barometer
  • Las leyes del movimiento de Isaac Newton

Aplicaciones

  • hydraulic systems
  • pronóstico del tiempo
  • material science testing
  • medical blood pressure measurement
  • pneumatic tools

Patentes:

NA

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Related to: pressure, force, area, pascal, scalar, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, SI unit, newton, mechanics.

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