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بيت » Potential-pH Diagram (Pourbaix Diagram)

Potential-pH Diagram (Pourbaix Diagram)

1950
  • Marcel Pourbaix
Pourbaix diagram detailing electrochemical stability of metals in aqueous systems.

(صورة توضيحية فقط)

A Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, is a الديناميكية الحرارية مخطط يرسم مراحل التوازن المستقر للنظام الكهروكيميائي المائي. فيلمإنه يوضح بيانيًا ظروف الإمكانات ([لاتكس] E_H [/ لاتكس]) ودرجة الحموضة التي بموجبها يكون المعدن محصنًا (مستقرًا ديناميكيًا حراريًا)، ويخمل (يشكل طبقة وقائية مستقرة).

Pourbaix diagrams are constructed using the Nernst equation for various possible chemical and electrochemical reactions in the system, including metal oxidation, oxide/hydroxide formation, and water stability reactions. The diagram is divided into regions by lines representing the equilibrium conditions for these reactions. There are three main types of lines: horizontal lines represent redox reactions that are pH-independent, vertical lines represent acid-base reactions that are potential-independent, and sloping lines represent reactions that depend on both pH and potential.

The diagram also includes two crucial lines representing the stability of water. Above the upper line, water is oxidized to oxygen ([latex]2H_2O \\rightarrow O_2 + 4H^+ + 4e^-[/latex]), and below the lower line, water is reduced to hydrogen ([latex]2H^+ + 2e^- \\rightarrow H_2[/latex]). The area between these two lines is the region of water stability, where most aqueous corrosion occurs.

By plotting the potential and pH of a specific environment on the diagram for a given metal, one can predict its الديناميكية الحرارية tendency. The ‘corrosion’ region indicates the metal will dissolve into ions. The ‘immunity’ region indicates the metal itself is the most stable form, so corrosion is thermodynamically impossible. The ‘passivation’ region indicates that a solid, often insoluble, oxide or hydroxide film forms on the surface, which can protect the underlying metal from further corrosion. However, it’s crucial to remember that these diagrams are based on thermodynamics and do not provide information about the kinetics or rate of corrosion.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2203
– Electrochemistry

يكتب

نظام مجرد

خلل

Substantial

الاستخدام

استخدام واسع النطاق

مقدمات

  • Walther Nernst’s formulation of the Nernst equation (1889)
  • Josiah Willard Gibbs’ work on chemical thermodynamics and phase equilibria (1870s)
  • advances in potentiometry and pH measurement techniques

التطبيقات

  • predicting corrosion behavior of metals in various environments
  • designing corrosion protection strategies like الحماية الكاثودية
  • geochemistry for understanding mineral stability
  • hydrometallurgy for metal extraction processes

براءات الاختراع:

NA

أفكار ابتكارية محتملة

  • ai-driven software for generating complex multi-element pourbaix diagrams in real-time
  • dynamic pourbaix diagrams that incorporate kinetic data for more accurate corrosion rate prediction
  • micro-scale pourbaix diagrams for analyzing corrosion at grain boundaries in alloys
  • pourbaix-guided design of المحفزات for water splitting and co2 reduction
  • predictive models for biocorrosion based on localized ph and potential changes caused by microbes
  • interactive educational tools for materials science students using virtual pourbaix diagrams
  • development of corrosion inhibitors tailored to shift a system into the passivation or immunity region
  • on-site electrochemical sensors that map real-world conditions onto a pourbaix diagram for asset integrity management
Related to: pourbaix diagram, potential-ph diagram, electrochemistry, corrosion, passivation, immunity, thermodynamics, nernst equation.

السياق التاريخي

Potential-pH Diagram (Pourbaix Diagram)

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