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» 欧拉特性

欧拉特性

1758
  • Leonhard Euler
Mathematician's desk with Euler characteristic formula, quill, ink, and parchment.

(图片仅供参考)

欧拉示性数是一个拓扑不变量,它描述了拓扑空间的结构或形状,而与空间的弯曲方式无关。对于多面体,欧拉示性数由公式 [latex]chi = V �8211; E + F[/latex] 定义,其中 V、E 和 F 分别表示顶点数、边数和面数。对于球面,[latex]chi = 2[/latex],而对于环面,[latex]chi = 0[/latex]。

Euler’s original formula was stated for convex polyhedra. For any such shape, the sum of vertices minus edges plus faces is always 2. This discovery was one of the first examples of a topological property. The concept was later generalized to any topological space. For a finite CW-complex, the Euler characteristic can be defined as the alternating sum of the number of cells of each dimension: [latex]\chi = k_0 – k_1 + k_2 – \dots[/latex], where [latex]k_n[/latex] is the number of n-dimensional cells. This generalizes the V-E+F formula. A more profound generalization in algebraic topology defines the Euler characteristic in terms of homology groups. Specifically, it is the alternating sum of the Betti numbers [latex]b_n[/latex] (the rank of the n-th homology group): [latex]\chi = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (-1)^n b_n[/latex]. This definition makes it clear that the Euler characteristic is a topological invariant, as homology groups are themselves topological invariants. This number provides a powerful, yet simple, tool to distinguish between different topological surfaces. For example, any surface homeomorphic to a sphere will have [latex]\chi=2[/latex], and any surface homeomorphic to a torus will have [latex]\chi=0[/latex].

UNESCO Nomenclature: 1209
- 拓扑结构

类型

抽象系统

中断

基础

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • 古希腊几何学中的柏拉图立体
  • 勒内·笛卡尔关于多面体的未发表作品(笛卡尔关于总角亏损的定理)
  • 图论的早期工作

应用程序

  • 用于网格简化的计算机图形学
  • 图论
  • 代数拓扑(作为贝蒂数的交错和)
  • 制图学(地图着色问题)
  • 宇宙学(研究宇宙形状的学科)

专利:

NA

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相关概念:欧拉示性数、拓扑不变量、多面体、顶点、边、面、贝蒂数、同调。

历史背景

欧拉特性

1640
1650
1747
1758
1777
1799
1812
1635
1650
1736
1750
1763-12-23
1780
1805
1822

(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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