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热交换器结垢

1920
换热器因结垢沉积物影响热力学中的热性能。.

(图片仅供参考)

结垢是指在传热表面上积累的有害物质,它会引入额外的热阻,从而降低换热器的性能。这种结垢阻力([latex]R_f[/latex])会降低整体传热系数(U)。 其影响通过总传热方程量化:[latex]\frac{1}{U} = \frac{1}{h_i} + \frac{1}{h_o} + R_f + R_w[/latex]。.

Fouling is a critical, time-dependent problem in nearly all heat exchanger applications. It increases thermal resistance, impedes fluid flow (increasing pressure drop and pumping costs), and can initiate corrosion. There are several types of fouling. Precipitation fouling occurs when dissolved solids in a fluid precipitate onto surfaces, common in cooling water systems (scaling). Particulate fouling is the accumulation of suspended particles like dust or rust. Corrosion fouling results from the heat transfer surface itself reacting to form an insulating layer of corrosion products. Chemical reaction fouling involves reactions within the process fluid that form deposits, such as in polymerization processes. Finally, biofouling is the growth of microorganisms, algae, or slime on surfaces, prevalent in raw water systems. To account for this inevitable degradation, engineers include a ‘fouling factor’ or ‘fouling resistance’ ([latex]R_f[/latex]) during the design phase. This essentially means the heat exchanger is oversized to ensure it still meets the required heat duty after a certain period of operation with the expected level of fouling. The overall heat transfer coefficient for a clean exchanger ([latex]U_{clean}[/latex]) is related to the dirty or service coefficient ([latex]U_{dirty}[/latex]) by [latex]\frac{1}{U_{dirty}} = \frac{1}{U_{clean}} + R_f[/latex]. Managing and mitigating fouling through chemical treatment, filtration, and periodic cleaning is a major aspect of industrial maintenance.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 3328
- 热力学

类型

物理过程

中断

递增

用法

广泛使用

前体

  • 观察锅炉和釜内水垢的形成
  • 理解热阻和傅里叶定律
  • 工业化学和水处理的发展
  • 材料科学和腐蚀研究的进展

应用程序

  • 工业工厂的预测性维护计划
  • 工艺设备的化学清洗程序设计
  • 防污涂层和材料的开发
  • 冷却塔和锅炉水处理方案
  • 为应对未来结垢情况,新型换热器的尺寸应适当增大

专利:

NA

潜在创新理念

  • 超声波 transducers mounted on exchanger shells to prevent deposit formation through cavitation
  • 利用循环磨料颗粒或自动机械刮刀进行自清洁的热交换器
  • 基因工程改造的微生物,能够形成不粘附的生物膜,从而防止更有害的微生物造成生物污染。
  • nanotechnology-based coatings with superhydrophobic or oleophobic properties to repel fouling agents
  • 基于人工智能的监测系统,可根据运行数据预测污垢发生率并优化清洗计划。
  • 可直接测量污垢层厚度的原位传感器
  • 开发新型无毒化学阻垢剂和腐蚀抑制剂
  • 流化床换热器中,运动的颗粒不断冲刷换热表面。
  • 脉冲流或反向流系统旨在沉积物固结之前将其清除。
  • 采用反渗透等先进水处理技术去除进水中的结垢前体物
相关术语:污垢、结垢、换热器、热阻、维护、传热、总传热系数、生物污垢、压降、清洗。

历史背景

热交换器结垢

1910
1920
1920
1920
1922
1925-01-01
1930
1910
1920
1920
1920
1922
1924
1927
1930

(如果日期未知或不相关,例如“流体力学”,则提供其显著出现的近似估计)

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