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Introduced in 2011, the “Energy Star Most Efficient” is a special designation that recognizes the best-of-the-best, most energy-efficient products within their categories. This label is intended to guide early adopters and environmentally-conscious consumers to products that represent the leading edge of efficiency, going beyond the standard Energy Star requirements.
The China Compulsory Certificate (CCC) is a mandatory safety and quality mark for products sold in the Chinese market. Implemented on May 1, 2002, it unified China’s two previous compulsory inspection systems: the China Commission for Conformity Certification of Electrical Equipment (CCEE) and the China Commodity Inspection Bureau (CCIB). This integration created a single, streamlined…
Also known as the volume-temperature Law or law of volumes, Charles’s Law states that for a fixed mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume it occupies is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. This is expressed as V propto T[/latex] or frac{V_1}{T_1} = frac{V_2}{T_2}[/latex]. It explains the tendency of gases to expand…
Also known as Amontons’s law, this principle states that for a fixed mass of an ideal gas at a constant volume, its pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. The relationship is expressed mathematically as P propto T[/latex] or as a comparison between two states, frac{P_1}{T_1} = frac{P_2}{T_2}[/latex]. This describes gas behavior under isochoric…
An attractive intermolecular force between a polar molecule (with a permanent dipole) and a nonpolar molecule. The electric field from the permanent dipole distorts the electron cloud of the nonpolar molecule, inducing a temporary dipole in it. The two dipoles then attract each other. The interaction potential energy is V propto -frac{alpha mu^2}{r^6}[/latex], where alpha[/latex]…
Joule heating, or ohmic heating, is the phenomenon where heat is produced by an electric current passing through a conductor. The rate of heat generation, or power dissipated (P[/latex]), is given by Joule’s first law, P = VI[/latex]. By combining this with Ohm’s law, the power can be expressed as P = I^2 R[/latex] or…
The Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) is a short, specific DNA sequence, typically 2-6 base pairs long, that is required for a Cas nuclease to bind and cleave a target DNA sequence. It is located immediately downstream of the target site (protospacer) in the invading DNA. The PAM is not present in the host’s own CRISPR…
The thermoelectric figure of merit “ZT”, is a dimensionless quantity that measures the efficiency of a material for thermoelectric applications. It is defined as ZT = frac{S^2 sigma T}{kappa}[/latex], where S is the Seebeck coefficient, sigma[/latex] is electrical conductivity, T is absolute temperature, and kappa[/latex] is thermal conductivity. A higher ZT value indicates a more…
Dynamic pressure, denoted by q[/latex] or Q[/latex], is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid. It is defined by the formula q = frac{1}{2} rho u^2[/latex], where rho[/latex] is the local fluid density and u[/latex] is the fluid velocity. This quantity is fundamental in fluid dynamics for quantifying the pressure arising from fluid…
A simple, widely used mathematical model that approximates the potential energy of interaction between two neutral atoms or molecules. It combines a long-range attractive term (propto r^{-6}[/latex]) representing Van der Waals forces with a steep, short-range repulsive term (propto r^{-12}[/latex]) representing Pauli repulsion. The formula is V_{LJ}(r) = 4epsilon [(frac{sigma}{r})^{12} – (frac{sigma}{r})^6][/latex].
