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» 測定不確かさに関するGUMフレームワーク

測定不確かさに関するGUMフレームワーク

1993-01-01
  • Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
Calibration laboratory with technician measuring standard reference material in metrology.

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The ‘Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement’ (GUM) establishes the international standard for evaluating and expressing measurement uncertainty. It defines uncertainty as a non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of values attributable to a measurand, based on the information used. This フレームワーク shifts focus from the unknowable ‘error’ to a quantifiable, probabilistic expression of doubt about a measurement result.

The GUM framework, first published in 1993 by the BIPM on behalf of seven international organizations, revolutionized the field of metrology. Before its introduction, different fields and countries used varied and often incompatible methods to express measurement quality. The GUM introduced a unified, philosophically consistent approach. Its core novelty was to abandon the concept of ‘true value’ and ‘error’ (the difference between a measurement and the true value), as the true value is inherently unknowable. Instead, it focuses on the ‘measurand’ (the quantity intended to be measured) and the uncertainty associated with its estimated value.

The framework is built upon a probabilistic foundation, treating all input quantities as having probability distributions. The result of a measurement is then not a single value but a best estimate accompanied by an uncertainty that defines an interval within which the value of the measurand is believed to lie with a certain level of confidence. This approach requires identifying all sources of uncertainty, quantifying them as standard uncertainties (analogous to standard deviations), and then combining them according to a specific procedure to obtain a total combined standard uncertainty. This process provides a universal, transferable, and quantitative basis for comparing measurement results worldwide.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 2209
– Instrumentation

タイプ

抽象システム

混乱

基礎

使用法

広く普及している

前駆物質

  • probability theory (Laplace, Bayes)
  • method of least squares (Gauss, Legendre)
  • statistical concepts of standard deviation and variance
  • early error analysis in astronomy and geodesy
  • international efforts for standardization in science and trade (e.g., treaty of the metre)

アプリケーション

  • calibration laboratory accreditation (iso/iec 17025)
  • 製造における品質管理
  • scientific research and publication standards
  • legal metrology and trade
  • medical diagnostics and testing
  • 環境モニタリング

特許:

NA

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Related to: GUM, JCGM, metrology, measurement uncertainty, calibration, standard uncertainty, measurand, iso 17025, BIPM, quality assurance.

歴史的背景

測定不確かさに関するGUMフレームワーク

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1993-01-01
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2015-09-14

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