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Fenómeno de Gibbs

1899
  • Henry Wilbraham
  • J. Willard Gibbs
Laboratorio de procesamiento de señales que analiza el comportamiento de las series de Fourier en discontinuidades.

(Imagen generada únicamente con fines ilustrativos)

The Gibbs phenomenon describes the behavior of a series de Fourier at a jump discontinuity. The partial sums of the series exhibit an overshoot near the jump, which does not disappear as more terms are added. This overshoot converges to a constant value of about 9% of the jump height, regardless of the number of terms in the series.

When a function with a jump discontinuity, like a square wave, is approximated by its series de Fourier, the approximation is not perfect at the discontinuity. As more terms are added to the series (i.e., as the approximation includes higher frequencies), the approximation gets better everywhere except in the immediate vicinity of the jump. Near the jump, the partial sum overshoots the function’s value. The width of this overshoot region shrinks as more terms are added, but the height of the overshoot remains constant.

This overshoot is not a sign of non-convergence. The series does converge pointwise, and at the discontinuity itself, it converges to the midpoint of the jump as predicted by Dirichlet’s theorem. However, the convergence is not uniform. The maximum overshoot, related to the Wilbraham-Gibbs constant, is approximately [latex]frac{1}{pi} int_0^pi frac{sin t}{t} dt – frac{1}{2} approx 0.08949…[/latex] times the jump size. This phenomenon is a fundamental property of series approximations of discontinuous functions and is important in signal and image processing, where it can manifest as ‘ringing’ artifacts near sharp edges.

UNESCO Nomenclature: 1201
- Álgebra

Tipo

Sistema abstracto

Ruptura

Sustancial

Uso

Uso generalizado

Precursores

  • Fourier series representation of discontinuous functions
  • Dirichlet’s convergence theorem
  • concept of partial sums and series convergence
  • study of the Sinc function [latex]\frac{\sin(x)}{x}[/latex]

Aplicaciones

Patentes:

NA

Ideas para posibles innovaciones

  • development of windowing functions (e.g., hamming, hanning) to reduce ringing in digital filters
  • image processing algorithms for edge enhancement and artifact removal
  • sigma-approximation techniques to smooth the gibbs overshoot
  • advanced mri reconstruction algorithms to minimize truncation artifacts
  • design of low-pass filters with better transient response
  • wavelet-based compression methods that handle discontinuities better than fourier-based methods
  • numerical schemes for solving hyperbolic pdes that manage shocks without spurious oscillations
  • total variation denoising in image processing
  • spectral methods for solving differential equations with discontinuity handling
  • audio processing techniques to prevent pre-echo artifacts in compressed audio
Related to: Gibbs phenomenon, Fourier series, jump discontinuity, overshoot, ringing artifact, signal processing, convergence, partial sums, Wilbraham-Gibbs constant, uniform convergence.

Contexto histórico

Fenómeno de Gibbs

1854
1854
1895
1899
1900
1911
1920
1850
1854
1884
1896
1900
1903
1914
1922

(Si la fecha es desconocida o no es relevante, por ejemplo "mecánica de fluidos", se proporciona una estimación redondeada de su aparición notable)

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